Maniola jurtina (Linnaeus, 1758)

Taxonomy, synonyms and combinations

• Epinephele jurtina; Epinephele janira. [85].

Distribution

• Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Corsica, Crete, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Turkey - European part, Finland, France, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Estonia, Yugoslavia. [1].
• Albania, Andorra, the Balearic Islands, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the British Isles, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece (mainland), Denmark (mainland), Ireland, Spain (mainland), Italy ( mainland), Canary Islands, Corsica, Crete, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg,Macedonia, Malta, Netherlands, Norway (mainland), the Channel Islands, Poland, Portugal (mainland), Romania, Russia, Sardinia, Northern Ireland, Northern Aegean Islands, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey (European part), Ukraine, Finland, France (mainland), Croatia, Cycladic, Czech Republic,Switzerland, Sweden, Estonia, Yugoslavia. [10].
• Regions of the Russian Federation: the Volga-Don, East Caucasus, the European Northeast, the European North-West, the European Central Black Earth, Central European, European southern taiga, the Western Caucasus, Kaliningrad, Karelia, Lower Volga, Volzhsky Medium, Medium Ural, South West Siberian, South Ural. [3].
• The range of cow's eyes is the entire Euprop up to 62° N, in the south - to North Africa and the Mediterranean islands, in the east - to Asia Minor and Iran. [85].

Imago Habitus and Differences from alike species

• The length of the front wing is 2.2-2.6 cm. Males have a small eye on a velvety black background, females are larger, with a red-brown sash (Reichholf-Rim, 2002). The upperside of the female's wings is plain brown, while the males have a wide orange marginal band (Lampert, 2003). In Ireland — subspecies iernes Graves, on the island of Langa Island and in Western Scotland-splendida White. Subspecies of hispulla Esp. It has a more intense orange pattern on the upper surface of the wings and lives in the southern part of the range of the cow's eye — in the Canary Islands, in North Africa, in Spain and Portugal. [85].

General info about Imago

• Habitats: meadows and parks, cemeteries, forest edges and clearings-it flies everywhere and, as a rule, quite often. [85].

Imago lifespan

• June-August, sometimes in September. [85].

General info about Larva

• It hides during the day, but is active at night. Color-green (a dark stripe is located on the back, and light — yellow-white-on each of the sides). The head of the cow's eye caterpillar is yellow-green, with eye-shaped spots. [85].

Larva food plants / other food objects

• Gramineae. [28].
• Злаки, особенно мятлик луговой (Poa pratensis) и другие виды мятлика. [85].

Larva lifespan

• Caterpillar: September-May. [85].

Pupa

• The pupa of Maniola jurtina is yellowish-green. [85].

Egg

• The eggs are light yellow at first, then red-brown on the top and sides, unlike many other diurnal butterflies, they do not attach to the food plant. The egg stage lasts about 25 days. [85].

Overwintering stage

• The caterpillar overwinters after the second molt. [85].

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Maniola barrosi Figueroa, 1917

Maniola cheena Moore, 1865

Maniola chia (Thomson, 1987)

Maniola coenonympha Felder, 1867

Maniola cypricola (Graves, 1928)

Maniola dysdora Lederer, 1869

Maniola edmondsii Butler, 1881

Maniola euptychioides Köhler, 1939

Maniola flora Philippi, 1859

Maniola halicarnassus (Thomson, 1990)

Maniola imbrialis Weeks, 1905

Maniola interposita Erschoff, 1874

Maniola limonias Philippi, 1860

Maniola megala (Oberthur, 1909)

Maniola nurag (Ghiliani, 1852)

Maniola nycteropus Reed, 1877

Maniola rueckbeili Staudinger, 1887

Maniola subandina Jörgensen, 1935

Maniola telmessia (Zeller, 1847)

Maniola valdivianus Reed, 1877