Nymphalis polychloros (Linnaeus, 1758)

Taxonomy, synonyms and combinations

• Vanessa polychloros. [85].

Distribution

• Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the British Isles, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece (mainland), Denmark (mainland), Dodecanese Islands, Spain (mainland), Italy (mainland) Cyprus, Corsica, Crete, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta,Netherlands, Norway (mainland), the Channel Islands, Poland, Portugal (mainland), Romania, Russia, Sardinia, North Aegean Islands, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey (European part), Ukraine, Finland, France (mainland) Croatia, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Estonia, Yugoslavia. [10].
• Regions of the Russian Federation: the Volga-Don, East Caucasus, the European North-West, the European Central Black Earth, the European Central European South taiga, the Western Caucasus, Kaliningrad, Karelia, Lower Volga, Mid-Volzhsky, Middle Urals, South Ural . [3].
• The range is the whole of Europe, but in England only in the south, and in Northern Germany and Southern Scandinavia it is rare, and even then only as an immigrant. It is completely absent in Ireland and on the island of Crete, but it flies in Asia Minor and Near East, as well as in Siberia and North Africa. In the mountains up to 1500 m [85].

Imago Habitus and Differences from alike species

• The length of the front wing is 3 or even a little more centimeters. Due to the orange color of the wings with characteristic dark spots, at first glance it looks like a much more common urticaria, and at second glance it looks like a less common Nymphalis xanthomelas. North Africa is characterized by the subspecies erythromelas Aust., in addition, the form testudo Esp. is known, which is characterized by a more blurred pattern due to the impact of unusual temperatures on the pupa (this technique is also used in artificial conditions). [85].

General info about Imago

• Polychrome is found in many biotopes — deciduous forests, parks, alleys, even in cemeteries, and especially often flies in bushy areas, gardens, and near water bodies. The butterfly looks for damage on fruit trees, birches and oaks to drink their juice, which makes polychrome similar to another Nymphalis-mourner(Nymphalis antiopa), so that you can often meet these butterflies at the same time in the same place. [85].

Imago lifespan

• Butterflies are active from July to September, then, after wintering, from April to May. [85].

General info about Larva

• Nymphalis polychloros caterpillars live in groups in spider nests at an early age. At first, they are black-gray, covered with thick hairs, but after the first molt, yellowish spikes appear, which remain with them (Lampert, 2003). Polychrome caterpillars are dark, with long black spines on the body (Reichholm-Rim, 2002). [85].

Larva food plants / other food objects

• Ulmus, Salix, Prunus, Malus, Pyrus, Sorbus, Crataegus, Populus. [28].
• Гусеницы неравнодушны к иве, тополю, вязу, вишне и груше, а для взрослых бабочек более интересен вытекающий сок плодовых деревьев. [85].

Larva lifespan

• They are found from May to July. [85].

Pupa

• The pupal stage lasts 2-3 weeks. She herself is reddish, with sharp bumps on her head and spots-golden and silver. [85].

Egg

• The female lays barrel-shaped, red-brown eggs after wintering. [85].

Overwintering stage

• An adult butterfly that hides in various secluded places overwinters. [85].

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Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758)

Траурница

Nymphalis californica (Boisduval, 1852)

Nymphalis canace Linnaeus, 1763

Nymphalis caschmirensis (Kollar, [1844])

Nymphalis comma (Harris, 1842)

Nymphalis connexa (Butler, 1881)

Nymphalis cyanomelas (Doubleday, [1848])

Nymphalis faunus (Edwards, 1862)

Nymphalis g-argenteum (Doubleday, [1848])

Nymphalis gigantea (Leech, 1890)

Nymphalis gracilis (Grote & Robinson, 1867)

Nymphalis haroldii (Dewitz, 1877)

Nymphalis ichnusa (Hübner, [1823-1824])

Nymphalis j-album (Boisduval & Leconte, 1833)

Nymphalis ladakensis (Moore, 1878)

Nymphalis milberti (Godart, 1819)

Nymphalis oreas (Edwards, 1869)

Nymphalis progne (Cramer, [1775])

Nymphalis rizana (Moore, 1872)

Nymphalis satyrus (Edwards, 1869)

Nymphalis vaualbum (Denis & Schiffermuller, 1775)

Nymphalis xanthomelas (Esper, 1781)

Ванесса черно-желтая