Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758)

Taxonomy, synonyms and combinations

• Vanessa antiopa. [85].

Distribution

• Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Hungary, Germany, Denmark, Greece, Ireland, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia and the Soviet Union - the European part of Turkey - European part, Finland, France, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Estonia, Yugoslavia. [1].
• Albania, Andorra, the Balearic Islands, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the British Isles, France, Germany, Greece (mainland), Denmark (mainland), Ireland, Spain (mainland), Italy (mainland ), Corsica, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Netherlands,Norway (mainland), the Channel Islands, Poland, Portugal (mainland), Russia, Romania, Northern Ireland, Northern Aegean Islands, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey (European part), Ukraine, Finland, France (mainland), Croatia, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Estonia, Yugoslavia. [10].
• Regions of the Russian Federation: the Volga-Don, East Caucasus, East Yakutia, Gorno-Altaisk, the European North-East, the European North-West, the European Central Black Earth, the European Central European South taiga, Transbaikalia, Western Caucasus, West Yakut, Kaliningrad, Kamchatka, Karelia, Kola,Krasnoyarsk, the Nenets-Novaya Zemlya tundra, Nizhne-Amur, Lower Volga, Nizhneobsky, Prealtay, of Baikal, Pribaikalskiy, Primorye, Sakhalin, the North-Yenisei, North Okhotsk Sea, the North-Ural, Mid-Amur, Mid-Volzhsky, Average Okhotsk, Average -Uralsky, Sredneobskaya, Tuva, Chukotka,South West Siberian Yuzhno-Kuril, South Ural, South Yakutia. [3].
• Range — most of Europe up to Cape Nordkap in the north. It is not found in the extreme south of Spain, in Greece and on the islands of the Mediterranean Sea. In England, northern Germany and Norway, in favorable years, individual stray specimens appear, where mourning birds can reproduce, but they do not finally acclimatize due to unsuitable weather conditions. In addition to Europe, mourners are known from the temperate zone of Asia and North America. [85].

Imago Habitus and Differences from alike species

• The length of the forewing reaches 3.5 cm, so the mourner is one of the largest butterflies in Europe. Because of the dark brown background and the characteristic light border on the edge of the wings, it is difficult to confuse the mourner with any other species of European butterflies. No races or forms are known. The lighter band in spring butterflies is explained by simple fading during wintering (Reichholf-Rim, 2002). Under the influence of unusually low or high temperatures, numerous forms arise, for example, hygiaea Heydenr. with a wider light border along the edge of the wings and no blue eyes (Mouha, 1979; Lampert, 2003). North America is home to the subspecies hyperborea Seitz and lintnerii Fitsch. East Asia is also characterized by its own subspecies (Mouha, 1979) . [85].

General info about Imago

• Tichichnye habitats — forest edges, water meadows, clearings and clearings, thickets of shrubs, gardens and parks, light deciduous forests, often along the banks of rivers and other streams with ponds (here they usually grow food plants of caterpillars of mourning). The butterfly is attracted to damaged trees and overripe fruit that bleeds juice. [85].

Imago lifespan

• Adults are found from June-July to September and, after wintering, from March-April to May-early June. [85].

General info about Larva

• Nymphalis antiopa caterpillars are black, with a row of red spots and light spots on the back, and there are protective spines on each body segment. They live in groups. [85].

Larva food plants / other food objects

• Salix, sometimes Betula, Ulmus. [28].
• Личинки будут питаться на березе, иве, осине, вязе, тополе и раките, предпочитая относительно молодые деревья. [85].

Larva lifespan

• Larva: from June (from May-Lampert, 2003) to July. [85].

Pupa

• The pupa is brownish or grayish and bears two pointed protrusions on the head. [85].

Overwintering stage

• An adult butterfly spends the winter in a shelter. After wintering, the previously yellowish border becomes whiter. [85].

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