Honey bee (Apis mellifera)

if these queens are descended from their own sons, then on average they lose a quarter of the characteristics of the mother who is in a heterozygous state, but the rest are similar by 100%, and if with others-local males, then they are similar by half. and in what form there-homozygous or heterozygous-there are signs that are useful for beekeepers, I don't know, and it's somewhat difficult to find out.

I've seen this sort of reasoning:

In beekeeping, selection is carried out according to a number of useful characteristics: the quality of queens, the intensity of family development, honey and wax productivity, swarming and winter hardiness, flight and pollination activity, poison production, etc.
Inheritance of traits in bees is somewhat different from how it occurs in higher animals and plants, which is due to the peculiarities of the biology of reproduction of honey bees. Since female bees (queens and worker bees) develop from fertilized eggs, then, as usual for each trait, they inherit two makings: one from the mother, the other from the father.Accordingly, female honeybees can be both homozygous and heterozygous.
Drones, on the other hand, develop from unfertilized eggs and receive inherited traits only from the mother, and since each of their traits corresponds to only one deposit, drones cannot be heterozygous.
Therefore, they do not have a father, but they have a grandfather, who influences not only the males, but also the bee colonies through the uterus. Its influence on worker bees is 25%, but each bee has a father, whose influence, according to the laws of genetics, is 50%. Thus, when inseminating two generations of queens, mothers and grandmothers, the influence of drones is 3 times greater than that of queens.

if these queens are descended from their own sons, then on average they lose a quarter of the characteristics of the mother who is in a heterozygous state, but the rest are similar by 100%, and if with others-local males, then they are similar by half.

With the local drones.
Usually local drones predominate, and queens most often fly away for considerable distances from apiaries for mating, where there are significantly more local drones.

I can't understand how people bred gardens, knew what honey was, plants grew if bee breeders believe that there were no bees in Central Asia, some kind of nonsense, I still think that there should be a type of native Central Asian bee, and even if there is basically no one in the city does not keep bees, where do they come from, still fly from remote beehives and apiaries?

By the way, when are respected biologists going to sequence the DNA of Apis mellifera?
After all, in addition to purely cognitive interest, the honey bee is of great economic importance.
Some even wrote that with the disappearance of bees, humanity is even threatened with starvation due to under-pollination of many crops.

We've already sequenced it


Results


And we are fully exploring

Results 

Thank you. Interesting article.

cis-Regulation of behavioural development
Adult worker honeybees typically shift from working in the hive to foraging for nectar and pollen outside the hive when they are 2–3 weeks of age, but the age at which this transition is made depends on the needs of the colony, which are communicated among honeybees via pheromones.
It turns out that in bees, the activation of a particular behavioral program is regulated by pheromones.

But what about swarming? Learning how to manage swarming could dramatically reduce the labor intensity of beekeeping and increase returns with the same number of bee colonies.
Haven't you found the swarming gene yet?

There is a panic about Bee Colony Collapse Syndrome. I found out about the question
http://forum.neuroscience.ru/showthread.php?t=2429&page=2
Society is concerned about this issue http://www.pchelovod.info/index.php?showto...1&hl=mor&st=375
This means that someone must play a leading and guiding role.
(IMHO) The MolBiol forum should take part because it is necessary to either "chase viruses", or find out the influence of heredity (when crossing Australian queens) on the behavioral stereotype, but first, it is necessary to conduct epidemiological studies. This topic is not my own, so we need a consultation.

http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlere...i?artid=2386248

after reading the article and previously read articles about the aggressiveness of scutellates and related problems, for some reason there is a feeling that capensis was specially adapted by someone in order to exterminate scutellates... which, thanks to well-known mechanisms (I judge from the discovery film), replaced mellifera in America, and is now being exterminated by capensis...
I write myself and it seems that I write skyfay :D but interesting damn...

  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlere...i?artid=2386248

Yeah, that's not even right. And what about the CCM?

CCM? what's this?)

The Disintegration Syndrome in this article is described in great detail. According to the article, it threatens only A. mellifera scutellata colonies.

English-speaking IBS is called Colony Collapse Syndrome.
Have you looked at the beekeepers 'and neuroscientists' forums? I gave links, and LeMur at neuroscientists gave the same link as you. Vassilich is almost sure that the passage of an infectious agent was carried out by beekeepers. He thinks it's viruses, I almost agree with him.

   There is a panic about Bee Colony Collapse Syndrome. I found out about the question
http://forum.neuroscience.ru/showthread.php?t=2429&page=2

If we simply record the number of bees that flew out of the hive and the number that returned during the day, we will not be able to estimate the degree of exposure of the bee family to IBS.
Not only do bees that have lost their homes not return to the hive, but also
1-bees that have reached their physiological age limit,
2-bees that have died due to natural causes (birds, thunderstorms,...),
3-bees that have moved to another hive (in bad weather, a returning bee may ask to go to another nearby hive on its way).
The number of non-woken bees due to IBS can be calculated by subtracting the bees of items 1,2,3.3 from the total number of non-woken bees
. This is the least significant figure. Perhaps even less than the calculation error of claim 1
2. Depending on the surrounding conditions, no more than 1-3% of outgoing bees die.
1. The largest number of non-awakened bees is the bees that have reached their age limit. Or, to be more precise, bees with the maximum allowable degree of wear and tear.
The most difficult thing is to calculate the number of these bees.
Reasons:
-a bee can live from one month (in summer) to 6-8 months (in winter)
-the percentage of older bees varies very significantly during the year and depends on many reasons: changes in the egg production of the uterus, the ability of worker bees to feed a certain number of larvae, the level of bribes, weather conditions, ...
Errors in the calculation of all these components can be very significant. And only if there are a large number of bees with IBS, this syndrome will be noticeable.

This post was edited by Bio_Nom - 08/27/2008 18: 21

"Vasilich" at the forum of beekeepers reported a decrease in the mass of bees in the hive by 6 kg within two days. IMHO - this is indicative.

Yes, then of course there is no special need to count them.
But 6 kg is the mass of all the bees in a good bee colony. It turns out that they are almost all scattered.

Something was left there, and the queen was crawling around with her wings bitten off. And before that, he moved the frames from another hive to these families. So these three families out of seven were scattered (not ktar, not shchurka, not hail, not haymaking). Concerned Americans would have detected the microbiological contagion in no time. How to drink - viruses.

On the basis of three scattered hives, it is difficult to draw conclusions, bees do not have such miracles. But it looks like an infection with something, or there was some kind of substandard feed in this framework.

Hello. In order not to produce new ones, I write in a dead topic.
I'm watching a BBC movie about wintering insects. They claim that drones-male honeybees - "cannot feed on their own." "What do you mean?" "messed up again?" They also have the same mouth apparatus as worker bees! It's another matter if they don't have the instinct to drink nectar from flowers.
But the worker bees don't force-feed them!
Just wondering - if a drone is able to eat on its own, and if food is placed next to it-how long will it live, provided that it has not mated?

Although, they write that no individual can survive alone... - That is, they die in this case (and the drone that is artificially fed in some way) precisely "from depression", longing for communication?

I found out about the drone's mouthpiece: