Diapause, Estivation of Rhopalocera

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Андреас, 01.04.2009 19:23

Not according to the nymphalids, but according to the genus Nymphalis (or, in another nomenclature, Vanessa), i.e. xanthomelas, polychloros, antiopa, l - album; plus Aglais urticae, Inachis io. Alas, now I don't remember where it came across. But it's definitely not a special topic, we just touched on it in a nutshell. Then I answered someone else about it personally. As a reminder, I found only a mention of this in my old message (http://molbiol.ru/forums/index.php?showtopic=266385#). About the picture: I was referring to estivation (i.e., going into hibernation in the summer; any dacha owner knows that from the month of July some of the species begin to fly in the windows, which then overwinter in the adult stage, first of all-the species listed above. You never know what will fly where, of course, but for these species such flights into the premises and hiding between frames, etc. - a normal phenomenon. They fly into abandoned buildings, hide under the eaves of a barn or rural house, or in the attic. But, for example, the mother-of-pearl girls will not be so imposed on guests, there it would be a pure accident. And these types - all the time. Therefore, they come out in the first days of spring as if they did not fly from July to October or at least to September, but only two days, or even completely fresh (except, however, for fading). And during the few days of summer in the spring, they are frayed as they should be (precisely because it is already summer, and not serving time in a shelter). For example, it would not be so likely for rhamni to hide in a barn or dig in between the frames of a country house in the summer, so that's why we see her rampart in nature until the cold weather. And of the named nymphalises, except for the mourner, after the first (after the withdrawal) two or three days of the most active summer and nutrition, you will not meet many people until spring itself. The mourning woman is seen, at least in not very bad years, much longer, but she comes out later (therefore, there is less risk of being devoured a hundred times before winter), and much less often finds herself between the frames, and even then closer to autumn. By the way, in mourning birds (maybe in others too, but only in a negligible proportion), most likely, the division of individuals into long flyers and those who immediately lie down is laid down, since in the spring many mourning birds come out with a perfect contour and a full set of scales (but, of course, with an absolutely bleached strip).

It is interesting that in the last determinant of the bulavousykh, simply put, the European part of the USSR (Lvovsky and Morgun) with this genus, it seems, they made quite a mess. For some reason, specific articles on some species indicate that butterflies overwinter, and on others-that it is females who overwinter. This distinction clearly indicates that the second category does not recognize wintering of males. This also applies to xanthomelas. Meanwhile, I have a video recording (unfortunately, VHS, not a figure) for the year 2004 of mating of this species at the junction of Odintsovo and Ruzsky districts of the Moscow Region, and against the background of thickets of flowering tufts, so mating before wintering is out of the question. The recording lasts a few minutes, I could have recorded it longer, but I decided that there was no need to stretch out such an eventful plot (they sit and sit). The recording quality is excellent, the butterflies are shown very large. Mating undoubtedly occurs in all these species in the spring, as well as in others that overwinter in the adult stage. I personally observed, say, the spring mating of Gonepteryx rhamni, Nymphais antiopa, and Aglais urticae. To mate before wintering and drag the fertilized belly under the wintering ground, in my opinion, would be unprofitable for butterflies. However, I will not say exactly about this, but I think that many people will not survive wintering because of frequent thaws, and that it would be sheer adventurism in relation to the population to spend the strength of males on fertilizing females, who will have to endure many months of temperature fluctuations from a small plus to a large minus.

As for summer hibernation, I've read about it somewhere in the old literature. Either at Hoffmann's, or somewhere else; if I remember, I'll give you a separate link later.

- Just do not forget that some of the listed types of unas on the CMS give not one, but 2, and even 3 generations. - Therefore, falling into a summer diapause is not an option for them.
- By the way, - what do you think about the fact (I read somewhere and heard) that only fertilized females overwinter in peacock's eye?
"And I want to ask you:" Has anyone ever seen a female lemonade anywhere?"
- Exactly after the summer diapause, from which males wake up to fly a little in October and November...?
- And returning to polychloros after all... - How often and who saw it and where after hatching from the pupa this year?[/i]

Comments

01.04.2009 19:57, mikee

- Just do not forget that some of the listed types of unas on the CMS give not one, but 2, and even 3 generations. - Therefore, falling into a summer diapause is not an option for them.
- By the way, - what do you think about the fact (I read somewhere and heard) that only fertilized females overwinter in peacock's eye?
"And I want to ask you:" Has anyone ever seen a female lemonade anywhere?"
- Exactly after the summer diapause, from which males wake up to fly a little in October and November...?
- And returning to polychloros after all... - How often and who saw it and where after hatching from the pupa this year?[/i]

1. I have summer cottages in the basement (Ryazan region) that winter every year. io in large numbers. Both males and females. Approximately in equal proportion.
2. In autumn in the middle zone (Moscow region, Vladimir region, Ryazan region), males and females of G. rhamni fly simultaneously as long as they meet at all. They also fly out at the same time in the spring after wintering.

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01.04.2009 22:41, А.Й.Элез

I don't remember what I personally wrote to anyone, so if I repeat myself, don't charge me.

Apparently, there are no questions with rhamni, even Lvovsky and Morgun specifically write about wintering of both sexes, and only a blind person can not see both sexes in the spring; but for some reason, these authors stipulate that it is females who winter. But my observations also refute this.

As for the CMS, the situation there cannot be the same as in the EC center. But two generations, even for CMS, are possible in urticae and io (the third, I believe, can only be super-long), and the rest of the species I have named, I am sure, are monovoltaic in any place. Of course, I am talking about the norm, and as a unique exception, the second generation was noted even in such a monovoltaic iron genus as Maculinea.

Lvovsky and Morgun point out that xanthomelas and polychloros fly until the end of August and the end of September, respectively ("fly" in the general biological sense of summer, but in the literal sense this clearly does not apply to the center of the EC, where they do not fly, but almost immediately go into hibernation) and that it is the females who overwinter. I expect to check this out soon about polychloros, but they definitely made a mistake with xanthomelas. As for io, their phrase is a bit ambiguous, but it literally means that it is the females who spend the winter; I see that this has already been refuted here; I also noted both sexes in the spring.

About polychloros in the spring (again for the EC center). Until the mid-1990s, it was very abundant, and due to the estivation soon after hatching, this species was much more common in spring than in summer. In the spring, I could meet dozens of them in one simple hike, and in the summer-not even every year for a piece, and strictly on the days of withdrawal (usually it happened at the junction of the first and second decades of July) and absolutely anywhere - either under the Old Ruza River while catching iris iridescences, or in Moscow on the Old Square near the buildings of the Central Committee of the CPSU.

Since 1994, when the xanthomelas, unique to me before, was taken on April 5 or 6 basking right in the snow in three or even four stripped specimens, its numbers have been rising. In 1995, it was already very stable in the spring; then it went on an upward trend, but in recent years the number has declined sharply. But the peak was absolutely fantastic in number, I already wrote about this when discussing the new Red Book of the Ministry of Defense. Interestingly, the rise in its abundance coincided with a depression in the number of polychloros, which turned from garbage into a fairly rare species. If all my life we could meet it many dozens in the spring (even in Moscow it was a common spring species in all my memory since the mid-1960s), especially on current birches, and just basking in the sun on last year's grass, but in my whole life I never met xanthomelas, then at all recently, when xanthomelas became garbage, polychloros became very rare. I still don't know what the connection is between them, they are not competitors in terms of nutrition, and they don't eat pineapples. One of my friends suggested that the beginning was laid from one good year (I think-from two successful years in a row), and then a purely geometric progression for xanthomelas began to work; and polychloros, in his opinion, declined because some time shifts divorced one species from its rider, and then the other-from the other-from the other-from the other-from the other-from the other-from the other-from the other-from the other-from the other-from the other-from the other-from the other-from the other-from the other-from the other-from the other-from the other-from the other-from the other-from the other-from the other-from the other-from the other-from the other another species, on the contrary, was fused with its own parasite to the complete satisfaction of the latter, so polychloros had a truly geometric regression in the same years. In general, this butterfly in the summer I caught a few times in my entire life, such peaks as recently at xanthomelas, I have never noted on it (there was nothing even similar, just an ordinary butterfly). Xanthomelas also flew at its peak (it was in the summer, in the first days after the withdrawal) in Moscow by dozens, in the region - by hundreds. In general, for both species in the summer, you need, at least for the first three weeks of July to completely clear your conscience, first of all, track drunken oaks and place baits. By the way, the testudo form was once obtained from a pupa taken from nature; the butterfly came out the very next day, so it was not lost on me, but because the pupa hung on a pine tree on the unprotected southern side of the trunk for the entire period, and the days were sunny, and how the pupa didn't burn to hell is just a mystery. This butterfly was shown by me in the topic about aberrants, etc. Before that, it was also shown on the network by my colleague, who mistakenly meant it as xanthomelas.

This post was edited by A. J. Elez - 01.04.2009 22: 46

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02.04.2009 16:15, А.Й.Элез

Regarding rhamni: I'm not sure about estivation, because there is no sharp decline in numbers after withdrawal, either in the next few days or later, there is a normal decrease due to destruction by natural enemies. However, among these enemies for imago, I can reliably name only spiders, which I personally saw more than once in my work with rhamni. But it does not hatch as late as the mourner, so it would seem that it has time to cultivate. (Hatches sometimes at such a time that the years are superimposed on the years of the remnants of the parent generation). And before leaving for the winter - the most common butterfly; by the way, it is not typical for it to move between the frames.

The only thing that could be assumed is the estivation of some individuals, like I assume in mourning birds, but even then-only based on the almost perfect wing contour in wintering rhamni. But it is for rhamni that the perfect wing contour is not proof of summer hibernation. This species has such a flight that it is extremely difficult for both dragonflies and birds to catch a butterfly, so if you don't meet anyone with a dragonfly or a bird's outburst in the wing, I don't think I've ever met rhamni with such injuries in my life. Given its mass character, I can conclude that it is very unlikely for it to fall for the tooth of a dragonfly or bird. Even a heavily flown rhamni is almost always a normal (if slightly frayed) contour and a worn surface, while in most butterflies of this size, the surface is wiped when there are already enough breaks in the wing. It is most common for most large butterflies to first acquire an outburst along the contour when the surface is fresh (we often see such fresh ones, but with outbursts), but everything is different for rhamni. But, I repeat, taking into account clearly not only the spider caused a decrease in the number (although not sharp, not by zero) after the withdrawal, it is quite possible to assume the estivation of some individuals. Unevenness of development within a population is quite a normal manifestation of nature's foresight and reserve...

As for the second (autumn) wave in nymphalisae, I don't remember this in the MO and in general in the center. Unless-vaguely - there are some unique cases. In warm and dry regions, there may be an explanation for this; however, this should already be analyzed by a specialist. It can be assumed, for example, that the causes of the second wave are biochemical - high temperatures and low humidity and the need to wait too long for cold weather (when suspended animation is much easier) threaten the sleeping individual with drying out, and it must still fly and, accordingly, be fed before the final departure for wintering.

By the way, even in our region, nymphalis individuals wintering between frames or in other shelters of a rural or even urban house (I noted this at home) do about the same when (due to the fact that heating starts working instead of cold weather in autumn!) they fly out, swearing, and either fight between the frames, or fly into the premises somewhere in December. Such butterflies-that is, wintering in heated rooms with unfrozen humidity and heat, do not survive until spring (unlike wintering somewhere in the basement or in a shed), you find them in the spring between the frames already dead and dry. In the south, however, they are saved in nature - after a false departure before wintering - by the fact that no one heats nature in winter and that the cold weather still occurs there.

This post was edited by A. J. Elez - 05/19/2009 20: 59

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02.04.2009 21:51, А.Й.Элез

On 3-yes, no, just a break in the summer. This also happens in other types, and in different years in different ways. Not every wave is a generation. Moreover, we are not talking about the wave of departure, but about the wave of summer. I believe that in the Ryazan region in August, it may be time for daytime rest, when the blooming becomes less, when it is better to save your strength, and to warm up before laying for the winter. We have in the Moscow region in the middle of August in the afternoon already fauna flies much less than a month earlier. But during the break in August (and in general), I almost never noticed that lemongrass trees are caught as they are caught, except that they move from one place to another after the presence of flowering plants. In the mountains. Moscow, by the way, is the same.

I enclose a photo taken on August 13, 2008, near the village of Beloomut, Lukhovitsky district, Moscow Region ( 54°56 '47.41"C, 39°23'54.16" B

). We flew a fair amount that day. From the Ryazan region - three steps of a ground squirrel...

This post was edited by A. J. Elez - 03.04.2009 02: 36

Pictures: