Autumn predatory insects

Grasshopper-Tettigonia viridissima.

... Mantises devour grasshoppers, small wasps-butterflies, large compared to the size of wasps (for example, Aglais io)...
... a large wasp catches, quickly carves (no more than 3 minutes) and eats a dragonfly...

At least ask about the subject before telling fairy tales.
Well, wasps (neither small nor large) do not eat any "meat", no matter what they write about them.
By the way, the "big wasp" is the hornet Vespa crabro.

"At least ask about the subject before telling fairy tales."

Very unappetizing Of course, wasps hunt mainly for feeding larvae.

But here, a certified osologist, a member of the ENO (aka Ezox) recently wrote here that ants can eat this very "meat" for their needs
Although, theoretically, I don't see any problems in this, I think that wasps can also partially use protein food for their body.

Judging by the excrement of wasps-this is for sure, because if they ate only carbohydrates with a minimum of protein, then their excrement would be insignificant in volume, like butterflies that feed exclusively on nectar without fiber.
Well, the fact that wasps when switching to the "uterus mode" begin to eat protein food on their own is 100%, otherwise they would not be able to lay eggs

..Although, theoretically, I don't see any problems in this, I think that wasps can also partially use protein food for their body.

Judging by the excrement of wasps-this is for sure, because if they ate only carbohydrates with a minimum of protein, then their excrement would be insignificant in volume, like butterflies that feed exclusively on nectar without fiber.
Well, the fact that wasps when switching to the "uterus mode" begin to eat protein food on their own is 100%, otherwise they would not be able to lay eggs

The problem is not theoretical, but quite utilitarian and practical. Wasps have such a narrow anterior gut that no solid food, even chewed, passes through it.

As for the rest, there is a certain confusion in terminology. Of course, wasps consume more than just carbohydrates. But they get" protein " food during trophalaxis from larvae in the form of secretions secreted by their lower labial glands, which contain, in addition to water and carbohydrates, a significant amount of amino acids. The "queen" still feeds mainly on larval secretions and, to a lesser extent, on what workers bring, but not on the so-called "food lumps".

This is in a normal nest. And in the case when there are no larvae? Here in my current nest where there are no larvae, the wasps ate several pupae from sealed cells, recently I just watched them do this, and there are no larvae in this nest for a long time. And only then did the laying of males and foraging begin.

By the way, about the uterus - when the nest is initialized in the spring, there are no larvae, but the uterus must build a nest, lay eggs, and actively forage in the future - complete the nest, this is a big need for protein food, while it is unlikely that the whole thing is in the stocks obtained in the nest last season, because there is still an active life during mating + wintering, but the larvae are not yet there or they are very small

At least ask about the subject before telling fairy tales.
Well, wasps (neither small nor large) do not eat any "meat", no matter what they write about them.
By the way, the "big wasp" is the Vespa crabro hornet.

Thank you for explaining about the hornet. Many amateur entomologists, like myself, have the impression that the hornet is something " huge and scary." It turns out that this is the most common large wasp in our area.
The question about the impossibility of feeding adult wasps (not hornets) with protein food remains open to me - only the day before yesterday I picked up a fluttering Aglais io butterfly from a flower bed, which was clung to by a small wasp, clearly not a hornet. Why would it attack a butterfly when there are marigolds in full bloom, full of nectar that other insects feed on?

  
The question about the impossibility of feeding adult wasps (not hornets) with protein food remains open to me - only the day before yesterday I picked up a fluttering Aglais io butterfly from a flower bed, which was clung to by a small wasp, clearly not a hornet. Why would it attack a butterfly when there are marigolds in full bloom, full of nectar that other insects feed on?

Well, hornets are the same adult wasps as other wasps At the moment, the larvae of males and queens are being fed, so the working wasps are still not very interested in sweets, and they are very much interested in" meat " for the larvae, which is why the wasp attacked the butterfly When the percentage of sealed cells increases and resp. the percentage of larvae will drop - sweet food for wasps will be a priority, since there will be no one to feed them sweet food, hence the abundance of wasps in autumn on sweet yumks in retail outlets)
And public wasps seem to never feed on flowers, and they have nothing to eat

Here the question is different-when forming a lump for larvae, do the wasps consume the liquid fraction for themselves or not. I am sure that yes, and I think you can find it in English articles

Well, hornets are the same adult wasps as other wasps At the moment, the larvae of males and queens are being fed, so the working wasps are still not very interested in sweets, and they are very much interested in" meat " for the larvae, which is why the wasp attacked the butterfly When the percentage of sealed cells increases and resp. the percentage of larvae will drop - sweet food for wasps will be a priority, since there will be no one to feed them sweet food, hence the abundance of wasps in autumn on sweet yumks in retail outlets)
And social wasps never seem to feed on flowers, and they have nothing to eat

About the fact that "hornets are the same adult wasps as other wasps" I never doubted .
Another thing is interesting: according to my observations, in the fall all the "paper" nests of wasps that come across my eyes either have empty cells, or exist by themselves in the absence of adult insects flying nearby. I.e., it seems that adult wasps do not feed anyone in the fall. Again, many sites write that adult wasps also feed on nectar ( for example, "Adult wasps can only absorb liquid food: flower nectar and plant juices" on http://web-zoopark.ru/nasekomie/osa.html). How wasps can "devour nectar" if they have "nothing to eat". I apologize for the amateurish questions, but I still want to hear the truth from professionals.

I'm certainly not a professional )
But wasps are different, in fact, a lot of wasps feed on nectar, and paper ones too, polisty, for example, but I meant that vespa and vespula, which include hornets, do not usually do this, I have never seen! Although it seems that dolichovespuli can. And there is nothing - in the sense that there are no highly specialized devices, like bees and some single wasps, although all wasps probably have a tongue, just a very small one.

And the nests of hornets and German wasps are full of wasps in the fall, even up to December, especially if you have such a nest, you just need to find it, it doesn't hang open, but a lot of wasps fly in there..

Although still vespula and hornets feed on flowers sometimes, here a dissertation was recently posted on a similar topic with orchids and wasps, well, there are pictures on the web with vespula, including germanics, on flowers(in that article it's not a fact that germanics are on a flower), although I don't remember that they are on flowers it was feeding - climbing on flowers, attacking others-yes, so we'll wait for the professionals

There are plenty of vespulae in such umbrella photos, like they eat) Although they are more likely to eat, gnaw out the nectar and pollen part, and not just drink nectar, and this also seems to apply to polistov..
http://alexhyde.photoshelter.com/image/I0000M6ylBo05w_A

This post was edited by Hierophis - 13.09.2015 23: 23

I'm certainly not a professional )
But wasps are different, in fact, a lot of wasps feed on nectar, and paper ones too, polisty, for example, but I meant that vespa and vespula, which include hornets, do not usually do this, I have never seen! Although it seems that dolichovespuli can. And there is nothing - in the sense that there are no highly specialized devices, like bees and some single wasps, although all wasps probably have a tongue, just a very small one.

And the nests of hornets and German wasps are full of wasps in the fall, even up to December, especially if you have such a nest, you just need to find it, it doesn't hang open, but a lot of wasps fly in there..

Thanks for the answer, you're right about the hornets. Indeed, they fly purposefully to hollows with nests and in the fall. Naturally, there are larvae there or not, I did not check, because they start to get very nervous when you approach such a hollow. I was always surprised by their endurance to the cold-there were frosts at night, frost in the morning, grasshoppers, small dragonflies and most butterflies froze, but the sun warmed up, and hornets begin to buzz, often showing curiosity fly close to a person.

  

The very fact of ingesting the victims ' hemolymph does not confirm anything. The fact is that the vespid imago has problems with proteolytic enzymes. So, even if they swallow liquid fractions when chewing caught prey, they (fractions) can not be digested by wasps.
It's like with some mushrooms, like chanterelles. It seems to be delicious, but absolutely useless, since the proteins contained in them are transit, that is, such mushrooms pass through our digestive tract almost unchanged.

Although still vespula and hornets feed on flowers sometimes, here a dissertation was recently posted on a similar topic with orchids and wasps, well, there are pictures on the web with vespula, including germanics, on flowers(in that article it's not a fact that germanics are on a flower), although I don't remember that they are on flowers it was feeding - climbing on flowers, attacking others-yes, so we'll wait for the professionals

There are plenty of vespulae in such umbrella photos, like they eat) Although they are more likely to eat, gnaw out the nectar and pollen part, and not just drink nectar, and this also seems to apply to polistov..
http://alexhyde.photoshelter.com/image/I0000M6ylBo05w_A

Yes and no.
Yes, if you are talking about polystes, vespules, and dolichovespules. These often feed on the nectar of flowers, but only with open nectaries. On umbrella sites, for example.
Not when it comes to hornets. These are satisfied with juices from nearby trees, as well as sweet fruit, the pulp of which, although chewed, but swallow only liquid juice.

...There are plenty of vespulae in such umbrella photos, like they eat) Although they are more likely to eat, gnaw out the nectar and pollen part, and not just drink nectar, and this also seems to apply to polistov..
http://alexhyde.photoshelter.com/image/I0000M6ylBo05w_A

Just they lick the nectar itself, although they often damage the nectaries from lust.

By the way, the wasp in the attached photo is incorrectly identified by its author - it is Vespula germanica, not Vespula vulgaris.

  
... certified osologist, member of the ENO (also known as Ezox)

By the way, why do you call Ilya an Esox every other time? Was it because of his love of fishing?
As far as I remember, Esox is a genus of fish that includes, for example, pike...

  
.. How wasps can "devour nectar" if they have "nothing to eat"...

What does "nothing"mean?
Wasps have a complete set of oral organs, which is not fundamentally different from that of, for example, bees. The only difference is in the proportions. In social wasps, the main parts of the oral apparatus that form the "proboscis" are much shorter. That is why wasps ignore plants whose flowers have deeply located nectaries , such as legumes. But the open nectaries of the same umbrella plants are very interesting to them.

with a large live bug (probably Picromerus bidens)

Pentatoma rufipes

The very fact of ingesting the victims ' hemolymph does not confirm anything. The fact is that the vespid imago has problems with proteolytic enzymes. So, even if they swallow liquid fractions when chewing caught prey, they (fractions) can not be digested by wasps.
It's like with some mushrooms, like chanterelles. It seems to be delicious, but absolutely useless, since the proteins contained in them are transit, that is, such mushrooms pass through our digestive tract almost unchanged.

Well, about mushrooms, about some of them this is an understatement, rather so with all mushrooms, it's not for nothing that forest animals eat mushroom bodies reluctantly, and it's hard to eat mushrooms, it's been checked
But the situation with wasps is somewhat different.
For example, they can not be digested, where does the uterus get reserves for initializing the nest after wintering? Why then did the wasps in my observation hive begin to eat pupae, and only after that did normal foraging and egg laying begin, although they had sweet food in the form of syrup and pears? Not everything is simple here and I am sure that they use the victim's proteins for themselves as well. You just need to start looking for articles, I think that this has probably already been investigated.

[quote=Hierophis,15.09.2015 09:53]
Ah pro mushrooms, ... rather so with all mushrooms Not for nothing same pl. Bodies mushrooms forest animals eat reluctantly, yes and gorging on mushrooms hard, tested
Mushroom to mushroom discord. Therefore, they are sometimes divided into nutritional categories, where, for example, porcini mushrooms (category 1) do not compare with the same chanterelles (category 3) not at all by taste, but by the degree of digestibility, determined, in particular, by the thickness of the chitinous cell walls.
And why do "forest animals eat fruit bodies reluctantly"? They eat and even kill everything from rodents to ungulates.
Finally, you can still eat enough, although not all of them. "You just don't know how to cook them" (C). For example, even one hat of a motley umbrella (Macrolepiota procera) will completely replace 3 servings of entrecote.

But the situation with wasps is somewhat different.
For example, they can not be digested, where does the uterus get reserves for initializing the nest after wintering?
Obviously, you just didn't have to be interested in biochemistry. Otherwise, you would know that lipids stored in the fat body of female founders and consumed at the first stages of its functioning in the spring, as well as amino acids ("building blocks" in the synthesis of peptides) are products of carbohydrate metabolism.

Why then did the wasps in my observation hive begin to eat pupae, and only after that did normal foraging and egg laying begin, although they had sweet food in the form of syrup and pears?
What makes you think they "ate" them? Wasps often have a specific form of canibalism, when workers use larvae and pupae from their own nest to feed other larvae. This is especially true in unfavorable conditions and at the end of the seasonal cycle. The reasons for this behavior are a special topic .

And why, then, did my balcony germanics already eat a nice core of pears? They directly gnaw it out, and even dried up)
So what? They are chewed, moistened with their own saliva, and the resulting solution is swallowed, discarding the gum...

...if you really want to be a serious scientist, then you need to indicate your full name in the profile, and this is the same anonymous nickname as many...
Well, let's say your personal profile is also not overloaded with information.

Well, here I stepped on all 100%, public wasps still eat nectar, but depending on the species - they do it either not willingly or more often. In any case, I don't recall germanicus on umbrella flowers as a peaceful nectar-eater ) Polistov - any number of seen on the flowers.
Eat-eat, and still how. Yes, different in different ways, and Germanic is no exception. Although, according to my observations, this diet is more typical for different species of Dolichovespula - D. media, D. sylvestris and, especially, D. saxonica. And not necessarily on umbrella ones, and not on all umbrella ones equally. For example, wasps willingly visit the inflorescences of Angelica sylvestris and parsnip (Pastinaca sativa), but "do not like" to sleep (Aegopodium podagraria). At the same time, when the umbellates have already faded, a lot of wasps can be found on goldenrod, especially on Solidago canadensis.

Hornets are probably just very heavy and fall from the flowers, so they are not found for nectar-eating
Oh, come on, how heavy they are, if even small birds can easily hold on to the inflorescences of angelica. Not to mention the fact that some D. media are not inferior in size to the working hornets. Well, the flowers of lilies, from which wasps also often collect nectar, are giant even for hornets. Yes, and the hornets themselves often fly over the inflorescences, but these are all hunters.

[quote=Hierophis,15.09.2015 12:25]

Umbrella mushrooms I ate, only we have Macrolepiota rhacodes, delicious of course, but alas, even 4 huge mushrooms can not be compared with one cutlet, and even 10
Macrolepiota rhacodes is a filter paper compared to Macrolepiota procera. Although, to be honest, I also prefer meatballs.

...as it is not very noticeable that mushrooms were eaten by animals, hedgehogs and squirrels probably belong to myths …
Yes, hedgehogs are a myth. But mice and voles, and even someone bigger (up to bears) – reality.

What does that have to do with it? I do not think that the uterus has a large supply of amino acids to be active for almost two months without large larvae in the nest..
And a large supply of amino acids is not required. Amino acids at this stage are a catalyst for the breakdown of fat body lipids accumulated in previous years to the fatty acids and carbohydrates necessary for the activity.

I would also like to know the composition of the liquid that the larvae secrete for feeding wasps, and the correspondence of protein components in it to the consumption of their wasps during vital activity.
Since the larvae of social wasps have a closed digestive system and are not able to secrete excrement, they accumulate the products of digestion in the expanded posterior intestine, freeing themselves from excess water, periodically releasing it through the ducts of the lower labial glands.
In addition to water itself, larval secretions contain a significant amount of biologically active substances, including vitamins and enzymes (maltosodextrin, sucrose, beta-carotene, vitamin B1, vitamin E, amino acids, aromatic substances). The amino acids of the secret promote the breakdown of fats into fatty acids, which can be used for energy production by the body of adult wasps. Regular portions of this secret provide wasps with significant endurance and allow adults to maintain activity even with limited or no external nutrition.

By the way, melifera after all quite eat, we can say that relatively coarse protein food-pollen, and clearly they have no problems with digestion, since they need a lot of protein for the secretion of feed milk, wax production, and in general just for working life
Honey bee nutrition is a special article. A mixture of pollen and nectar (perga) is a food for larvae. The bees themselves ferment pollen mixed with nectar in the expansion of the anterior intestine-goiter (which wasps do not have). Only then does this semi-liquid mass enter the middle intestine and beyond, after which it is absorbed by the body and used to secrete wax, royal jelly and other things. As for the "working life", it requires carbohydrates, not protein.

I do not think that wasps are content only with what they are given by larvae, otherwise it turns out that the losses are continuous - the larva is forced to spend extra energy and resources in order to feed itself and feed the wasps
And who said that wasps are content with this? We also discussed the nutrition of adult wasps with plant juices, paddy and nectar. And for the larva, its secret is a by-product (see above), which must be disposed of while stimulating the worker wasps to feed themselves to their beloved.

[quote=Hierophis,15.09.2015 16:26[/quote]

Here's a good example - we have a lot of walnut trees at work. And now the fall of mature fruits is just beginning. So by morning, almost all nuts with holes, even mice eat them, gnaw through the shell! Crows, magpies, mice, and rats all eat them. And there are also scaly tinder boxes, oyster mushrooms and champignons (this season only one tinder box has grown, but if you add moisture, then there are more mushrooms)
So-all mice and rats for some reason prefer to gnaw on the shell of nuts to get to the nucleoli, rather than eat a soft fungus
In order… Lamellar mushrooms are generally unattractive, except for fungal mosquitoes. But about nuts-this is another conversation. Think for yourself why the choice is in favor of nuts. The answer is on the surface – the energy value of their fatty fruits is incomparable with some mushrooms, where fat (and this is the main product stored for the winter by almost all animals, including wasps) is at least.
P.S. I have a Manchurian walnut growing on my plot, similar to a walnut, but winter-hardy. No mouse or rat can crack its shell. Even I have to resort to using a hammer of at least 200 grams.

Well I do not know.. Doubtful)
Well, read something…

It's hard to imagine all this.. Working German wasps lead a very active life. They fly from the very morning and almost until the night.
And they live at the same time for a very long time, it seems, longer than melifer bees.
And what does this mean? For example, just one drop of larval secretions is enough for a working Vespa mandarinia individual to actively function throughout the day. But they are able to reach speeds of up to 40 km/h in flight and fly away from the nest at a distance of tens of kilometers (according to some sources, up to 90). What Germanics are there…

Well, you are just like a supporter of vegetarianism, And yet it is enough to try to work well one way or another, and not eat protein food-it will be bad, not immediately, but it will be. After all, muscles are not eternal and the process of fiber restoration is necessary.
The same is certainly true for insects, and even more so for such fliers as wasps, especially German ones, and bees that fly very far and for a long time
No, it's not about vegetarianism. Just using proteins as a source of energy is inefficient – the costs are too high in the form of costs for their cleavage and residual amino groups, which somehow need to be neutralized. This is why all animals use fats for storage and carbohydrates for direct consumption. And wasps are no exception. I have already written that their adult wasps do not have proteolytic enzymes, that is, those substances that depend on the breakdown of proteins and their assimilation. Therefore, even if you try to feed the wasps exclusively with meat broth, there will be no sense.
In addition, it is simply incorrect to compare the life of wasps and bees with our own. Their musculature is not so susceptible to damage (due to their low weight, relative loads are also small), and their life span is incomparable to ours.

The bottom line is whether wasps get protein food when processing their victims for larvae or not
Well, as for the product that needs to be disposed of, then yes, one can only wonder how wise everything is, because usually such products that are disposed of do not taste sweet at all and smell bad)))
And the larvae, it turns out, I'm sorry, practically urinate with honey in the literal sense of the word )
By the way, melifer does not seem to have such a thing, although the larva also keeps its bowel movements in itself before molting on the pupa.
Even if they swallow small portions of hemolymph, this is not essential for adults.
As for the closed posterior intestine of larvae and the removal of excess water through the ducts of the lower labial glands, this is characteristic of almost all stinging hymenoptera. But the excretory system of insects is fundamentally different from ours. They do not "urinate" at all, but secrete dry uric acid crystals.
By the way, excrement that "does not taste sweet at all and smells bad" (to be honest, I did not taste it, and I did not feel a special smell, unlike the sour one in royal jelly), they are dumped together with the chitinous lining of the rectum only when molting on the pupa.
Finally, honeybee larvae also secrete larval secretions. The fact is that its role is not limited to providing "food" to working individuals. Secret is an important element of intra-nest communication in social insects, which provides stimulation of larval feeding, as well as identification of nest members. It is by the smell of the larval secretions of "their" larvae that all individuals in the nest "recognize" each other.

  
In order… Lamellar mushrooms are generally unattractive, except for fungal mosquitoes. But about nuts-this is another conversation. Think for yourself why the choice is in favor of nuts. The answer is on the surface – the energy value of their fatty fruits is incomparable with some mushrooms, where fat (and this is the main product stored for the winter by almost all animals, including wasps) is at least.
P.S. I have a Manchurian walnut growing on my plot, similar to a walnut, but winter-hardy. No mouse or rat can crack its shell. Even I have to resort to using a hammer of at least 200 grams.

Well, that's the point, that the value of food with mushrooms can only be compared with the same filter paper
Nuts, by the way, also contain a lot of protein, about 20%! Here, you will eat 1 kg of walnuts (weight of course with the shell!!! ) and that's it-I ate enough. And if you eat a kilogram of mushrooms, you will stretch your legs, and if you eat 10 kg in terms of raw weight, you will belch from indigestion and also stretch your legs
Your Manchurian nut, judging by the drawings, has a small kernel, so it's not really necessary for rats to gnaw on it


And here wasps eat wild steppe pears, here! Our wasps are vegitarians, and why be angry then, the temperature during the day is +28, the sun is shining)))
And the sheet is what a huge one! Nectar eats That's where Esox's dream is, the dominant one is, if not two, then one and a half times more than the gallicus will definitely be 18 cm, not less in length =0

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And here wasps eat wild steppe pears, here! Our wasps are vegitarians, and why be angry then, the temperature during the day is +28, the sun is shining)))
And the sheet is what a huge one! Nectar eats That's where Esox's dream is, the dominant one is, if not two, then one and a half times more than the gallicus will definitely be 18 cm, not less in length =0

How I want a dominula 18 cm long!!!

Oh well, 18 mm)

Oh well, 18 mm )

Well, we've got plenty of them - dominoes and nymphs.
And I was already dreaming, my ears were hanging out...

Well, we've got plenty of them - dominoes and nymphs.
And I was already dreaming, my ears were hanging out...

Just don't tell Ezox about it, he claims that the nymphs are small, I don't remember which ones, almost also not 1.5 times less dominant
By the way, it is still zobanili, as in other places already in full boasts of their catches and mushroom picking, the whole siposium provisions can be seen provided And he-only ate fly agarics, apparently )))

Just don't tell Ezox about it, he claims that the nymphs are small, I don't remember which ones, almost also not 1.5 times less dominant
By the way, it is still zobanili, as in other places already in full boasts of their catches and mushroom picking, the whole siposium provisions can be seen provided And he-only ate fly agarics, apparently )))

Nymphs, dominuli, and ripari are about the same.
Biglumis, bischoffi, gallicus and associus will be smaller on average (by about 10-15%, which is noticeable only in comparison). But even among them there are "monsters".
The largest ones are sulcifer and atrimandibularis.

Well, in my small experience, gallicuses are still much smaller than dominulas and nymphs, up to 20% easily, especially their males are small.

I'll dilute the serious discussion a little with a few pictures. An intimidating-looking "fly "(road wasp?) with a terrible "trunk" (also, probably, predatory) feeds on the same flower as Ikarus. Bryansk region, October 1, 2012

This post was edited by Nolik - 19.09.2015 10:38 am

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I'll dilute the serious discussion a little with a few pictures. An intimidating-looking "fly "(road wasp?) with a terrible "trunk" (also, probably, predatory) feeds on the same flower as Ikarus. Bryansk region, October 1, 2012

Well, of course not a "fly", but not a road wasp (Pompilidae).
It is a female burrowing wasp from the genus Podalonia [Sphecidae]. Judging by the shiny mid-spine, it is probably Podalonia fera.
Naturally, predatory - feeds larvae with caterpillars. But the "trunk" is not for her.
Unlike most burrowing (and not only) wasps, Podalonia species overwinter at the imago stage, rather than at the pre-pupal stage. Therefore, they can be found both late in the fall and very early in the spring.

It turns out that Eumenes are not bad, and they know how to get nectar from flax flowers, they just gnaw through the flowers from below! But the powerful and maneuverable, but less lucid Germanics do not know how to do this , they try to get inside, but nothing comes of it)
This is about the development of the Moscow State University and the collective way of life

I saw a philanthropist attack melifera, uhhh! It's a pity, I didn't take a picture normally, only the capture is already blurry

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The discussion had taken a strange turn.

I'm not sure, but before you start eating, eumenes digs around for a long time, probably nibbles )

  
So, Roma, this is the very slander that you defined not so long ago. I only said that nymphs are on average smaller than dolminules, without specifying how much, and this is absolutely true. If you don't believe it, you can conduct a statistical study if you have a collection. Only it is better to measure not the total length of the body, since it can vary very much due to the "telescoping" of the abdomen in dry material, but the parameters of its individual parts.

Well, I'll believe that I didn't say that, but it's also nonsense to measure individual parts. Because where is the guarantee that the length of "individual parts" corresponds to the total length of the body? I'm not talking about wings at all, but the length of the chest, head, and individual segments of the abdomen doesn't say anything, they may be smaller in nymphs, and even the segments of the abdomen may be smaller, but due to the greater stretchability of the abdomen, nymphs can be the same in total length as dominuli.
And it's not a fact that these parts will be smaller. I feel sorry for porosto os, because for such measurements you need a hundred oss.

On cabbage, Rum. Here, I cut down the cabbage and came back already. Joke. Actually, I didn't go: by the time I got the sheet, as you say, the sun was already close to sunset. And at dusk, it's hard to tell green cabbage from any unreliable stuff. I'll go tomorrow now.

All right, Roma, suggest an alternative way to measure accurately.

Regarding the biting of flowers by Eumenes, an interesting observation, now I will know that only bumblebees do this.