Jaundice (Colias)

Very bold! Horizontal exchange is the exchange of genes between different species, bypassing the sexual process. Using viruses and mobile elements. But such transfers between butterfly species are still unknown.

Although, species can be formed due to gene transfers from symbiotic bacteria and protists. It is possible that a population that occupies a new area of its range encounters new microbes that integrate their own genes into the butterfly genome. This phenomenon is known as widespread. For example. you can read it here:
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186%2F1471-2148-11-356

http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10...al.pone.0059262

As for the horizontal one, I was half asleep and blurted out nonsense - I was referring to interspecific hybrids.

This post was edited by sergenicko - 06.11.2013 15: 03

Is it shown somewhere that androconial spots are indeed androconial?

And why should the smell be different? Androconia are evaporative radiators, not glands. The male with them will only smell stronger. probably. And it is not a fact that males in this case ask females if they like their smell. I have once seen O. nanna raping a female C. hyperborea - that is, females are ready to serve anyone who likes them. So, andrakonial spots, even if they are, may turn out to be an insignificant atavism-like a human tail.

In humans, the tail is inconspicuous and certainly non-functional. And androconia are not just radiators, their scales are connected to the glands and the secret "flows" through them. The question is whether croceus erata is "odorous" - you can smell it.

In humans, the tail is inconspicuous and certainly non-functional. And androconia are not just radiators, their scales are connected to the glands and the secret "flows" through them. The question is whether croceus erata is "odorous" - you can smell it.

The secret already flows out and evaporates - even if there are no specialized andrakonias. And their function can be performed by other scales on the body and wings.

The secret already flows out and evaporates - even if there are no specialized andrakonias. And their function can be performed by other scales on the body and wings.

But if they are there, they probably need them. Did they do the same thing, what do they write? I still wonder if erate and croceus smell the same.

This post was edited by sergenicko - 06.11.2013 12: 43

But if they are there, they probably need them. Did they do the same thing, what do they write? I still wonder if erate and croceus smell the same.

Elementary. Using a gas chromatograph. This is not a rare thing. If they gave me live males, I would ask them to disperse them. But I don't have any. Although I will ask - maybe you can make an extract and do without live ones.

Elementary. Using a gas chromatograph. This is not a rare thing. If they gave me live males, I would ask them to disperse them. But I don't have any. Although I will ask - maybe you can make an extract and do without live ones.

Perhaps this is a common thing available at the scene of a crime.

Very bold! Horizontal exchange is the exchange of genes between different species, bypassing the sexual process. Using viruses and mobile elements. But such transfers between butterfly species are still unknown.

Although, species can be formed due to gene transfers from symbiotic bacteria and protists. It is possible that a population that occupies a new area of its range encounters new microbes that integrate their own genes into the butterfly genome. This phenomenon is known as widespread. For example. you can read it here:
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186%2F1471-2148-11-356

http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10...al.pone.0059262

Well, here from butterflies only about mulberry silkworm and about a very old tranfer. Is there any evidence that symbiotic bacteria and protists can cause a surge in speciation? In the case of the same microbes, when the transfer is superimposed on population differences.

This post was edited by sergenicko - 06.11.2013 15: 20

Well, here from butterflies only about mulberry silkworm and about a very old tranfer. Is there any evidence that symbiotic bacteria and protists can cause a surge in speciation? In the case of the same microbes, when the transfer is superimposed on population differences.

Not just about mulberry.

I haven't heard about the fact that there is a splash right here. But the fact that there are phenological and morphological species of plants and animals that differ only in the species of symbiotic bacteria - yes. Although in general, the topic is relatively new and almost unexplored. But horizontal transport is already firmly considered an important driver of evolution. In particular, it is blamed for the increase in the size of the genome and the number of genes as organisms become more complex. And butterflies, like other insects, have a lot of symbionts and parasites, including intracellular ones - both bacteria and protozoa. And they have a lot of viruses - and those can easily leave their genes in the genome of a butterfly. Or bring someone else's. There are also such protozoa-microsporidia. They act almost like viruses - their genome is expressed inside the host cell, they use host genes that are expressed not in the correct way, but in the way microsporidia need (since microsporidia have a truncated genome and some genes are missing). And there is a hypothesis that all diurnal species have their own type (s) of microsporidia.

The scandal that took place(or is taking place) about the fact that someone there posted some scan on the network prompted me to read several books at the specified link, and here's what I found there

http://butterflylib.ru/books/item/f00/s00/...001/st039.shtml

Southern and meadow jaundice - this is just about A and G Interseno, that the author just so" fleetingly " indicates the main distinguishing feature-caterpillars, but does not give absolutely no explanations, and the caterpillars are not drawn in the drawing, although in drawings related to other butterflies there are caterpillars, including in different versions. they are there, drawn.

Roman, what you're doing right now is called provocation. . This topic froze as the opponents said everything to each other. Why stir it up again, and the caterpillars "A and G" have already been written about twenty times here, and the participants in the topic of their differences are well aware.

the first photo. Kyrgyzstan. Among the well-understood cocandica and eogene elissa, there are 3 lower butterflies...hybrids?

and just beautiful) Colias wiskotti draconis. The female in the center is gorgeous)

Pictures:

DSC01603.JPG — (214.66к)


DSC01604.JPG — (210.64к)

Roman, what you're doing right now is called provocation. . This topic froze as the opponents said everything to each other. Why stir it up again, and the caterpillars "A and G" have already been written about twenty times here, and the participants in the topic of their differences are well aware.

Well, if this is a provocation, then you supported it)) In general, I just brought the page, as for me, interesting, I understand the provocation would be if I brought these pages (this is all hyale)

http://delta-intkey.com/britin/images/bent242.jpg
http://www.zum.de/stueber/spuler/raupen/high/tafel_01.html

It is clear that back then, in those years(mid-late 18x), the species was not identified, but for some reason old atlases often cite a caterpillar for hyale, respectively. alfakariensis And even in the British edition.
This is on the first link, the second page in general seems to be from the 1910 edition, and the caterpillar for hyale is still spotted...

Well, if this is a provocation, then you supported it)) In general, I just brought the page, as for me, interesting, I understand the provocation would be if I brought these pages (this is all hyale)

http://delta-intkey.com/britin/images/bent242.jpg
http://www.zum.de/stueber/spuler/raupen/high/tafel_01.html

It is clear that back then, in those years(mid-late 18x), the species was not identified, but for some reason old atlases often cite a caterpillar for hyale, respectively. alfakariensis And even in the British edition.
This is on the first link, the second page in general seems to be from the 1910 edition, and the caterpillar for hyale is still spotted...

In England (according to the website about British butterflies), chiala and alfakariensis are migrants, chiala is frequent, but rare. Caterpillars - no spots on the hyale http://www.ukbutterflies.co.uk/species.php?species=hyale , spotted in alfakariensis http://www.ukbutterflies.co.uk/species.php...s=alfacariensis
The pupae of both yellows do not tolerate the harsh British winter - unlike croceus, which has been thriving there since 1947.

This post was edited by sergenicko - 09.11.2013 14: 55

In England (according to the website about British butterflies), chiala and alfakariensis are migrants, chiala is frequent, but rare. ........The pupae of both yellows do not tolerate the harsh British winter - unlike croceus, which has been thriving there since 1947.

???????What is a "severe British winter"? There, according to our concepts (and the concepts of our yolks, which perfectly winter in the steppes and southern taiga at minus 40 degrees or less), is only a long pre-winter turning into spring.

???????What is a "severe British winter"? There, according to our concepts (and the concepts of our yolks, which perfectly winter in the steppes and southern taiga at minus 40 degrees or less), is only a long pre-winter turning into spring.

They think so. For chiala and alfakariensis, their winters are harsh, and for croceus in Southern England, starting in 1947, it's just the same.

The scandal that took place(or is taking place) about the fact that someone there posted some scan on the network prompted me to read several books at the specified link, and here's what I found there

http://butterflylib.ru/books/item/f00/s00/...001/st039.shtml

Southern and meadow jaundice - this is just about A and G Interseno, that the author just so" fleetingly " indicates the main distinguishing feature-caterpillars, but does not give absolutely no explanations, and the caterpillars are not drawn in the drawing, although in drawings related to other butterflies there are caterpillars, including in different versions. they are there, drawn.

Scan from Moukha. And also from my

They think so. For chiala and alfakariensis, their winters are harsh, but for croceus in Southern England, starting in 1947.

British ropalocerology has completely disappeared! Right up to the kindergarten level. Is it really hard for them to dare? look at maps with isotherms and habitats and find out where the winter is really cold???
Well, let's say alfakariensis does not live with them due to the lack of settled communities with vyazel (if it is actually a monophage). And hyale probably disappeared during glaciation or even recent urbanization, and there are still no circumstances for recovery. There is also solid asphalt in the south and the famous anglogazons, where to live... Croceus was just lucky. Another thing is that with their wet climate, 1 generation can develop there, or is this climate itself bad? I.e. rather - "harsh summer"?

British ropalocerology has completely disappeared! Right up to the kindergarten level. Is it really hard for them to dare? look at maps with isotherms and habitats and find out where the winter is really cold???
Well, let's say alfakariensis does not live with them due to the lack of settled communities with vyazel (if it is actually a monophage). And hyale probably disappeared during glaciation or even recent urbanization, and there are still no circumstances for recovery. There is also solid asphalt in the south and the famous anglogazons, where to live... Croceus was just lucky. Another thing is that with their wet climate, 1 generation can develop there, or is this climate itself bad? I.e. rather - "harsh summer"?

They do not have a kindergarten, but a statement of fact. Caterpillars X and A do not overwinter. У хиале "[larvae] that do not produce the next generation enter hibernation, curled up in dry leaves, and also change colour from a light green to a dull olive, reverted back to light green after hibernation. However, it would appear that the larva is unable to survive the winter in the British Isles." While C. croceus is endured for the winter, although not all of them are: "In more recent years, it has been shown that this species [C. croceus] has successfully overwintered in the south of England. However, it is believed that the majority of individuals perish, since both larva and pupa of this continuously-brooded species are easily killed by damp and frost. In good years this species can produce up to 3 generations in the UK". It follows that "damp and frost" kills caterpillars (and/or pupae?)in the first place. hyals - a combination of cold and humidity. Our winters are dry.

This post was edited by sergenicko - 09.11.2013 18: 23

sergenicko, the fact that in modern sources, or rather on sites, the caterpillars are "placed" correctly I have already studied what I could find and understood Another thing is that I have not seen a single link to a scientific source on these sites, although in the literature they write about the difference between caterpillars, and in this format as if it is already known to everyone(see my first link).

About the harsh winter in England/In Britain, you, or "they", of course, I think, exaggerated
I remember how the British squeaked when they had a couple of days a little more-10 in the winter was )) They have an average year temperature of +15C in London, which is slightly more than in Nikolaev, and of course more than in Yalta (+13C), since they like to bring it here as a standard of heat))))
But I don't agree with Lavr Bolshakov that there is no place for butterflies to live in the south, there is a place for butterflies to fly and develop, just look in Google Earth, the landscapes there are quite virgin.
Maybe the sum of effective temperatures is not collected there, although all these butterflies seem to be polyvoltine, at least for one generation so there will be...

sergenicko, the fact that in modern sources, or rather on sites, the caterpillars are "placed" correctly I have already studied what I could find and understood Another thing is that I have not seen a single link to a scientific source on these sites, although in the literature they write about the difference between caterpillars, and in this format as if it is already known to everyone(see my first link).

About the harsh winter in England/In Britain, you, or "they", of course, I think, exaggerated
I remember how the British squeaked when they had a couple of days a little more-10 in the winter was )) They have an average year temperature of +15C in London, which is slightly more than in Nikolaev, and of course more than in Yalta (+13C), since they like to bring it here as a standard of heat))))
But I don't agree with Lavr Bolshakov that there is no place for butterflies to live in the south, there is a place for butterflies to fly and develop, just look in Google Earth, the landscapes there are quite virgin.
Maybe the sum of effective temperatures is not collected there, although all these butterflies seem to be polyvoltine, at least for one generation so there will be...

The" severity " of winter in England lies precisely in the combination of relative cold with great dampness. Because of this, many common European species do not live there. I don't know about caterpillars myself, but Europeans persist in drawing 2 types (with and without spots), correlating them with 2 types of yolks. But since the appearance of butterflies does not differ, it turns out a vicious circle. I have not seen any works devoted to the cultivation of several generations of butterflies (so that the offspring of butterflies that have emerged from spotted caterpillars have several generations of the same caterpillars - and vice versa). No map of the distribution of caterpillars of both types. In the Kudrny atlas, khiala and alfakariensis co-exist in a wide area from France to the South of Ukraine inclusive. However, if there is no khiala in Southern Ukraine, it turns out that the Polish border guards do not allow her to go there. In Slovakia, where butterflies have been studied more closely, hiale and alfakariensis are additionally distributed in biotopes and practically do not occur with each other.

This post was edited by sergenicko - 09.11.2013 18: 37

[quote=sergenicko,09.11.2013 19:35]

So what did we end up agreeing on!? In spring and summer, we collect as many egg yolk caterpillars as possible on legumes-photographing specimens and a forage plant (+herbarium - we will determine this on the ground) and the caterpillars in alcohol? It will also be possible to catch the geale and alfakariensis butterflies themselves from different points and seasons in samples on mattresses. So who will undertake to analyze everything?? We are always ready to help a good project (as long as it makes sense!).

Here are a couple of photos of Sergey Shibaev about laying eggs with meadow yolk on alfalfa:

Pictures:

_________________________________.jpg — (312.56к)


_________________________________________.jpg — (227.47к)

So what did we end up agreeing on!? In spring and summer, we collect as many egg yolk caterpillars as possible on legumes ... and the caterpillars in alcohol?

Oleg, do you mean adult caterpillars? Have you ever tried to find them? I almost didn't succeed.
How to distinguish hyale caterpillars from croceus caterpillars?

... yes, I got too excited, it will be DIFFICULT to search for them - and how to distinguish them at the stage of caterpillars...???

.. I agree, I didn't look closely at the photo.... in the second picture, the vyazel is multicolored.

Vladimir, do you have outbreaks of white sweet clover (the one that is yellow / medicinal is less common in our country) and is there an increase in the number of hyale - alfakariensis and erate - crocea at this time???

Vladimir, do you have outbreaks of white sweet clover (the one that is yellow / medicinal is less common in our country) and is there an increase in the number of hyale - alfakariensis and erate - crocea at this time???

Donnika never noticed any outbreaks of population growth.
Legumes are plentiful, and the number of egg yolks in the Crimea in recent years is quite low.

and the caterpillars in alcohol?

Why put it in alcohol? Output!

the first photo. Kyrgyzstan. Among the well-understood cocandica and eogene elissa, there are 3 lower butterflies...hybrids?

According to philatelic atlases, such females occur in kokkandika. But if you send them 1-2 legs, you can see exactly what they are made of.

According to philatelic atlases, such females occur in kokkandika. But if you send them 1-2 legs, you can see exactly what they are made of.

By COI, eogene is slightly different from Kokandika

in terms of COI, eogene is slightly different from kokandika

They consistently differ in COI. But what's the point? COI has nothing to do with hybrids.

They consistently differ in COI. But what's the point? COI has nothing to do with hybrids.

it doesn't matter if it turns out to be either A or B. but those strange butterflies can turn out to be C. there are so many young species in this pile around that another one is not superfluous. according to COI, gigantea, most of the palaeno (with the "left" ones you need to understand, they are partly Canadian) and thisoa, elis, meadii, canadensis, staudingeri, lada, stoliczkana, cocandica, marcopolo do not differ.

This post was edited by sergenicko - 12.11.2013 05: 46

So what did we end up agreeing on!? In spring and summer, we collect as many egg yolk caterpillars as possible on legumes-photographing specimens and a forage plant (+herbarium - we will determine this on the ground) and the caterpillars in alcohol? It will also be possible to catch the geale and alfakariensis butterflies themselves from different points and seasons in samples on mattresses. So who will undertake to analyze everything?? We are always ready to help a good project (as long as it makes sense!).

Here are a couple of photos of Sergey Shibaev about laying eggs with meadow yolk on alfalfa:

Large-scale collections, as I understand, have long been available both for forum participants and in museums. Therefore, it is better to plan your experiments and their tasks correctly. So, the tasks I see are as follows:
1. Unambiguously show the relationship between the phenotype and genotype of hyale and afra with the color of the caterpillar.
2. Show the presence of reproductively isolating barriers between the hyale and afra.
3. Set distribution boundaries for both species.

Solutions:
1. Raise offspring of butterflies from sympatric populations. Note the color of the caterpillars (take photos) and the morphology of the imago (spread out, look at the genitals) of the offspring of each female. Using molecular markers, we can trace the correlation of caterpillar coloration with supposedly species-specific markers.
2. Try to cross butterflies that have grown from two types of caterpillars. Record the frequency of successful / unsuccessful pairings.
Collect samples of about 100 specimens of each species from mixed populations to analyze the distribution of allele frequencies between "species" (here the main difficulty is to deliver live butterflies or caterpillars to Vladivostok).
3. This is doable after completing the first two points. If the reliability of the caterpillar or adult morphology as a diagnostic feature is shown, then either we look in the collections, or we catch females and see what kind of geese we get. If a reliable molecular trait is found, we collect a small number of butterflies at different points, preferably with the maximum hyal or alpha phenotype, and see who they are by molecular weight.

Distribution of tasks:
I can take the card. Fishing and rearing should be decided locally. Morphology analysis is best entrusted to specialists with a full eye-like rhopalocera.com, guk, sergenicko ... well, or who will call.

If I messed up something higher than that or it's not enough - add it, we'll discuss it!

Large-scale collections, as I understand, have long been available both for forum participants and in museums. Therefore, it is better to plan your experiments and their tasks correctly. So, the tasks I see are as follows:
1. Unambiguously show the relationship between the phenotype and genotype of hyale and afra with the color of the caterpillar.
2. Show the presence of reproductively isolating barriers between the hyale and afra.
3. Set distribution boundaries for both species.

Solutions:
1. Raise offspring of butterflies from sympatric populations. Note the color of the caterpillars (take photos) and the morphology of the imago (spread out, look at the genitals) of the offspring of each female. Using molecular markers, we can trace the correlation of caterpillar coloration with supposedly species-specific markers.
2. Try to cross butterflies that have grown from two types of caterpillars. Record the frequency of successful / unsuccessful pairings.
Collect samples of about 100 specimens of each species from mixed populations to analyze the distribution of allele frequencies between "species" (here the main difficulty is to deliver live butterflies or caterpillars to Vladivostok).
3. This is doable after completing the first two points. If the reliability of the caterpillar or adult morphology as a diagnostic feature is shown, then either we look in the collections, or we catch females and see what kind of geese we get. If a reliable molecular trait is found, we collect a small number of butterflies at different points, preferably with the maximum hyal or alpha phenotype, and see who they are by molecular weight.

Distribution of tasks:
I can take the card. Fishing and rearing should be decided locally. Morphology analysis is best entrusted to specialists with a full eye-like rhopalocera.com, guk, sergenicko ... well, or who will call.

If I messed up something higher than that or it's not enough - add it, we'll discuss it!

This is the maximum program. The minimum program, as I imagine it, is 1. Catching sympatric caterpillars, raising butterflies from both types of caterpillars and sending caterpillars and butterflies to the molecular. 2. If you manage to breed a lot of butterflies, then cross them in a cage and check whether hybrids will be fertile (hybrids will probably turn out, because they are also between distant yolks, but their fertility is questionable). In the Volgograd region (and where else?) this, as far as I understood, is quite doable - at least point 1. If it makes sense, you can do morphology.

This is the maximum program. The minimum program, as I imagine it, is 1. Catching sympatric caterpillars, raising butterflies from both types of caterpillars and sending caterpillars and butterflies to the molecular. 2. If you manage to breed a lot of butterflies, then cross them in a cage and check whether hybrids will be fertile (hybrids will probably turn out, because they are also between distant yolks, but their fertility is questionable). In the Volgograd region (and where else?) this, as far as I understood, is quite doable - at least point 1. If it makes sense, you can do morphology.

As they said here, catching caterpillars is quite laborious. It is much easier to breed females and feed them. In this regard, the yolks are unpretentious. And the phenotype of the mother will be immediately known. And yes, we should at least start with that.

  
2. Try to cross butterflies

How to pair them?

How to pair them?

First, put a couple in the cage and give them the opportunity to do it on their own. The cage should be spacious enough for them to fly. If this does not happen, then fix this fact and pair it manually - prilyunit ass to ass and they will quite willingly mate.

It is convenient to spawn females in inverted plastic bottles. The bottle is cut (you can partially) across, and a forage plant is inserted into it so that the bases of the twigs stick down through the neck. After that, the bottle is inserted into a glass of water. The structure can be fastened with tape so that it does not fall apart. And in the lower part of the bottle tapering to the neck, stuff napkins - otherwise the butterflies will fall there, get stuck and even fall into the water.

Large cages can be made in this way from bottles of 5-10 liters.

The cage should be quite spacious

Enough is how many liters/meters?

Enough is how many liters/meters?

I tried to do this repeatedly, and with yolks, and not only - but they never grappled.

The cage... 5-20 liters.

Mating is a matter of experience. At first, I also did not succeed for a very long time. The main thing there is that the female is not old, freshly hatched. But I can guarantee you one thing-they won't mate while crawling. For independent mating, they need at least a little "dance" - to observe their decency.

  
I tried to do this repeatedly, and with yolks, and not only - but they never grappled.

I've had experience mating sailboats. It is necessary that the female was fresh, and the male flew for 2-3 days. We take the male between the thumb and index finger, wings down. In the other hand, the female in the same position. We squeeze the abdomen so that the valvae disperse and press it to the tip of the female's belly. Oplya

On the question of Colias cocandica ... mongola... etc.:

Mongola lectotype:
[attachmentid()=187282]

[attachmentid()=187283]

[attachmentid()=187284]

Other types from this group: 8: C. cocandica, holotype female. 9: C. cocandica, male. 10, 11: C. cocandica tamerlana, male lectotype. 12: C.
cocandica mongola, male lectotype. 13: C. cocandica mongola, female paralectotype. 14: C. cocandica tatarica,
male syntype. 15: C. cocandica culminicola, male syntype. 16
[attachmentid ()=187285]

Genitalia: 93: C. cocandica cocandica. 94: C. cocandica mongola, para-
lectotype. 95: C. cocandica tamerlana, lectotype.
[attachmentid()=187287]

Well, after all this, what is the conclusion:
Z a m e cha n I I po s i s t e ma t i k e Study of the type series of taxa of the C. cocandica group (tamerlana Staudinger,
1897, mongola Alphéraky, 1897, sidonia Weiss, 1968, ukokana Korb et Yakovlev, 2000, maja Grum-Grshimailo, 1891, tatarica
Bang-Haas, 1915, viridis Bang-Haas, 1915, sungpani Bang-Haas, 1927, melanitica Bang-Haas, 1915, griseoviridis
Bang-Haas, 1915, circumiens Bang-Haas, 1915, brunneoviridis Bang-Haas, 1915, aurantiacomaculata Bang-Haas, 1915,
galba Grum-Grshimailo, 1893, baeckeri Kotzsch, 1930, culminicola Kotzsch, 1936, obscura Austaut, 1898) showed that
all the previous (including the latest ones) conclusions on the taxonomy of the group were made without studying the genital structures
of the types. For such a variable group (see Tables 4: 8-15), such an approach cannot but raise doubts about
the correctness of the final conclusions. I studied the genitals of males (Figs. 93-95) and females of this group
of species (including key type specimens: mongola (lectotype (Table 4: Fig. 12) and paralectotypes (Tab. 4: 13; Fig. 94)),
tatarica (syntypes (Tab. 4: 14), tamerlana (we denote the tamerlana lectotype here: male, with labels: brown
circle; rectangular printed on pink paper " Origin."; rectangular printed on white paper" ex coll. /
STAUDINGER "with handwritten insert" 2/12"; rectangular handwritten on white paper " Thian. or. / 96 Hbhr.";
rectangular printed on red paper " Syntype / Colias tamerlana STAUDINGER, / 1897 / det. GRIESHUBER,
2007"; marked with a rectangular printed label on red paper: "LECTOTYPUS ♂ / Colias tamerlana
29
Staudinger, / 1897. / Dtsch. Ent. Z. Iris 10 (1): 152, pl. 5, f. 1-3 / S. K. Korb design. 2012"; lectotype (Tab 95),
as well as extensive series of specimens from all parts of the range, on the basis of which it is concluded
that they are conspecific: sufficient and, most importantly, stable genital differences were not found,
while external differences do not go beyond individual variability, even within the same territory. a large population.
The result of this study is the following nomenclatural conclusions: Colias cocandica mongola Alphéraky,
1897, stat. n.; C. c. tamerlana Staudinger, 1897, stat.n. (the names mongola and tamerlana were published with a difference of almost
2 months: mongola in June 1897, tamerlana on July 27, 1897, so in the case of synonymization mongola has
the priority [Gorbunov, 2012]), C. c. ukokana Korb et Yakovlev, 2000, stat. n.; C. c. sidonia Weiss, 1968, stat. n.
Taxon pljustshi Verhulst, 2000: 144-145 (TM: "Kirgizia, Dolon Pass 3000-3200 m", according to the
holotype), the type series of which also includes specimens from the Northern Tien Shan (in the paratype series: "Kirghiz
Mts., Uzun Gyr..., Ala Artsaha..., Terskei Ala tau, Djeky Oguz..., Zailiski Alatau, Medeo..., Promodjana..., Kirgiz Mts.,
Shamsi Pass..., Tjuz-Ashuu Pass..., Zailisky Alatau Mts., Ak-Tjuz...") is undoubtedly a synonym of the
nominate subspecies. The differences indicated in the pljustshi diagnosis ("slightly larger size and slightly brighter
overall coloration") are as implicit as C. cocandica is variable; for more details, see [Korb, 2006]. Clearly expressed
clinal variability of the species in the north-south direction is manifested only in a slight lightening
of the overall coloration; it is strange that this was not noted in the monograph [Verhulst, 2000] .