Concept of development of protected areas of the Russian Federation until 2020

By the way, its biology (however, like the kirkazon among botanists) is still far from being studied ... as we thought earlier. .. yes, and in the Penza region there are quite a lot of unexpected facts from its biology...

That's right, Oleg, there is no limit to perfection. Only is this a study, when conclusions about polyxene have already been drawn from "far from being studied", published and laid the basis for Red book attempts, and new information is stubbornly ignored. After all, there are already "plenty" of "facts from its biology" in other regions, which are clearly "quite unexpected"for experts of the Penza region.

It's just that people have nothing else to do but mark day butterflies and "go from empty to empty" to catch them.

What are you saying? The method of tagging individuals is a classic of population entomology. Here, for example, you go to the polyxene station and see their imago. Are they all local, and won't it suddenly turn out that some individual (two, three...) arrived from a neighboring population? You will definitely say: all local! Because you already know that, judging by all your messages. Because You Are A Great Intuit. And in science, it is customary to study everything very subtly and accurately. And scientists from various research centers, including very well-known and respected ones, mark butterflies every year. They come to the station after some time... Yeah, one labeled individual found in a neighboring population. It turns out that butterflies of this species migrate in this area. Scientists register labeled individuals in the selected transect, conduct mathematical analysis and draw certain conclusions. These techniques were explained to us in the 1st year of the biofactory faculty. What about you?

This means that between such populations, genetic exchange is possible randomly and rarely, due to the passage of butterflies by the winds.

I advise you to read population biology. I have already pointed out more than once that some individuals of any population, even the most stenotopic species, migrate, thus ensuring the inter-population exchange and settlement of the species. Females migrate most often. And usually from the population at an outbreak of its size. Without any winds or other "third-party" factors. They simply fly in their chosen direction, along ecological corridors and without, until they find a suitable station. Like the same sericins I mentioned earlier. By the way, they were all female too. Not all migrants find stations, but many are "lucky" and start new populations. Or they fall into the "alien" category. This is the mechanism of dispersal and genetic exchange provided for by nature, laid down in the genes. With the wind, butterflies can also be transferred, and this is called "random" settlement. Or individuals "tuned" to migration can specifically use the wind "for speed". In floodplain, bushy and wooded areas, random transport of polyxenes by wind, I believe, is rare, and it is necessary to talk about "intentional" migration settlement. I emphasize once again: a small number of individuals. Which are extremely difficult to spot. To do this, the observer must literally live in the habitats of the species. The stenotopic species sericin, which is similar in its biology, is extremely "weak" in flight. However, it migrates for many kilometers. Polyxena flyer is much more powerful, and why would it not fly away, as separate "migratory individuals", for the same many kilometers? Unfortunately, I didn't find any research on the topic of polyxene migration on the Internet. If anyone has read about these, I would be grateful for links.

Well, mnemosyne flew 5 km away from the station, so what? I also saw them 8 km away from the stations, and I saw many times how they fly along the edges of the forest during a mass summer.

And this is something new. You wrote earlier that mnemosyne doesn't migrate:
http://molbiol.ru/forums/index.php?showtop...dpost&p=1357853.
Then, what migrates 2 km?:
http://molbiol.ru/forums/index.php?showtop...dpost&p=1354222.
Now at 8...
Earlier, you also wrote about your observation of millions of Aquilonaris, saying later that you were joking.
Are you kidding me again? Maybe you should stop writing "the first thing that comes to mind" and start taking your messages more seriously?

I do not know where you found my statements about mnemosyne. The fact that you give a link here is not about her. Yes, I wrote, and not only here (and maybe not at all here), that mnemosyne never MIGRATES anywhere, but WHEN THE POPULATION INCREASES, IT SPREADS OUT INTO ISOLATED WOODLANDS. Moreover, I emphasized that at the same time it flies in my region in mixed forests and avoids the deciduous forests adjacent to them. And it generally disappears where natural mixed forests were destroyed and replaced with purely deciduous ones during the 20th century. And that's half of it. Tula province. Such dispersals of it in ISOLATED forest tracts, i.e. within 2 km, do not occur annually, but often. And I did not write about 5 and 8 km anywhere, because these are isolated facts that have been verified in recent years, they did not lead to any population consequences. However, spans of 2 km in 80% of cases do not lead to the foundation of new foci; if they are formed, they fall out during general recessions. Although the tuft grows conditionally everywhere, almost in every forest and even in some urban gardens.

  ...

As for orthogrammaria, of course, this is a clear result of the importation, as you and other comrades have told me, but I only said about the east of Moscow because when it was first caught in Izmailovsky Park (and I included), it was not in the west of Moscow for some time (although there was someone to follow), but already in the early 2000s. it began to come across in one season in Victory Park, and in the next after it-a shaft to fly to the open metro stations of the Filevskaya branch, in the windows and entrances of houses in the western and south-western directions, and in the north-west (at the Voikovskaya metro station) it is already found on streets and boulevards. Initially, it is not a problem to bring the material from the Far East if there is a steam locomotive, but then dozens of kilometers across the metropolis can be covered in a few seasons on their own and without wings (!) - not a trifle, but evidence of the wisdom of mother nature, who also has legless people who settle God forbid...

4 years ago orthogrammaria appeared in my house, 3 km beyond the Moscow Ring Road, along the Kazanskaya railway. Now the number of males arriving at the light is roughly equivalent to the number of brumat/fagat males.

This post was edited by sdi - 11.02.2013 11: 27

Sorry to interrupt, but there are not enough conditions in the task, and you can't do without coffee grounds here. The dynamics of weather conditions for the years after 2000 and the same number of years before, the specific dynamics of the number of natural enemies during the same time, the dynamics of anthropogenic impact on biotopes and their environment, the dynamics of vegetation cover (including areas of forage plants), orographic changes, changes in the hydrological regime, etc. are not set. something to build on, regressions and progressions don't fall from the sky. In theory, we should ask you, who happens to be there, about what happened to mnemosyne there.

[quote=Gennady Shemberger,11.02.2013 20: 26]

Maybe this is due to the dry climate?

I think it's quite possible.

The issue with polyxene in Crimea:

I have already mentioned Polyxene in the Crimea in a parallel topic.

[

I do not know where you found my statements about mnemosyne. The fact that you give a link here is not about her.

How not about her? Here is the text from the links:
"And the south of the forest zone of the Tula region is broad-leaved forests and (conditionally, taking into account anthropogenic factors) the transition to the forest-steppe-there is already a completely different nature-and not only aquilonaris does not "migrate", but also many other much more widespread and numerous species, such as atalia checkers, diamine, mother-of-pearl euphrosyne, blue argus (even!) and even mnemosyne (as early as the beginning of the 20th century, it was still there in some places, but disappeared with the destruction of the remnants of natural mixed forests)." http://molbiol.ru/forums/index.php?showtop...53#entry1357853.
"From here, in the CC of the Tula region, the corydon and daphnis pigeons did not get (infrequently, but they fly apart, sometimes 30 km from the stations), but mnemosyne got there, which during periodic mass reproductions spread no more than 2 km, but did not establish new foci where, although there is everything for it, but she doesn't like it for some reason." http://molbiol.ru/forums/index.php?showtop...22#entry1354222.
You write, in the first case, that mnemosyne "does not migrate", in the second-it spreads for 2 km, and in your recent message (above) - it does the same for 8 km. Where is the truth?

Yes, I wrote, and not only here (and maybe not at all here), that mnemosyne never MIGRATES anywhere, but WHEN THE POPULATION INCREASES, IT SPREADS OUT INTO ISOLATED WOODLANDS.

This is migration. http://encyclopedic-dictionary-biology.zelenka.su/3568. School biology course. And flight ("the view is flying away") is a means of migration. These can also serve as an insect running, crawling... Attachment to the entomologist's pant legs. It is even inconvenient for her to explain such things. Well, isolated woodlands come in very different sizes. There is, for example, the "isolated" Usmansky Bor. Which in the north merges with a continuous strip of forests along the Voronezh River, which runs as much as 200 km, and in the south - with a similar one along the Don and its tributaries. Perhaps you were referring to the mnemosyne of the isolated bayram oak grove? But even some individuals can migrate from it. I have often caught specimens of very stenotopic butterfly species outside of ecological corridors. Mnemosyne, unfortunately, did not study, because in the summer it is constantly "out of the region", but there is an interesting observation on their close relatives Stubbendorf sailboats in Primorye. I once went to a clearing in the forest "for the Stubbendorfs", and it was all mowed down. And not a single butterfly. Where did they go? They flew to other places. How? The clearing is isolated... Above the forest, then. In what direction? And figs knows them. There were few other stations of this type in the forest, and they were all remote. And a good half of the butterflies (most?) "sped off" for sure... well, very far away. Forgetting about all the ecological corridors. Which simply do not include Stubbendorf's closed seaside crowns. Or such a case. In the Dobrovskiy district of the Lipetsk region, three years ago, there was a huge forest fire. It covered a" circle " of 25 kilometers. And I imagine how the butterflies raced from there "to all the limits". Again, suddenly forgetting about the corridors and stenotopnosti. Catastrophic and stressful impacts on the biotope can force any sedentary individuals to leave it, and these "affects" happen very often in historical time (not just on the days of our excursions). So much for dispersal and genetic inter-population exchange. Even without the individuals "programmed" from birth to migrate mentioned by me.

However, spans of 2 km in 80% of cases do not lead to the foundation of new foci; if they are formed, they fall out during general recessions. Although the tuft grows conditionally everywhere, almost in every forest and even in some urban gardens.

That's right. But these temporary foci create inter-population "bridges", contributing to the genetic exchange of the entire population system. In addition, environmental conditions change over the years, and it happens that a temporary population ends up in better conditions (for example, grazing or mowing is stopped in the station) than the "parent" population, which can be reduced to zero by various stressful influences. And the first one, as a result, is fixed, and the second one disappears forever. You need to look at everything in the dynamics and "slice" of time, and not just from your own time. This applies, in particular, to the migration exchange of individuals and the genes of butterflies. Cases of migration are rare, but in historical time they are quite sufficient for it, as well as for the establishment of new "settlements" in the most stenotopic species.

In the Anapa district , between B. Utrish and Maly, there used to be a lot of mnemosyne in forest clearings. I haven't seen a single butterfly there since about 2000.
Why do you think they disappeared ?

Abnormally warm December 2006. The same thing almost happened to the Apollons in the Tambov region. In the summer of 2007, my friend Sergey Mozgovoy saw only two males at the cherished Apollonova polyana, in the Tambov forest, when earlier the species simply "swarmed" there. That December, Apollo caterpillars emerged from their egg shells in the open air for the winter, and that's the whole explanation... And the" collapse " of the Tambov Apollons, and the extinction of the Utrish mnemosyne. For both species have winter caterpillars. In the egg shells. During a long winter thaw, with temperatures above +2-4 (in southern mnemosyne, possibly higher), the caterpillars leave them. They "think" that spring has come, and "it's time to go outside." I had a similar case with apollo eggs in the winter quarters on the loggia. I didn't know in those years that plus was contraindicated for them. They came out of their eggs in the first small but long thaw. On the balcony it was somewhere + 3-5 during the week. At Sergey's site that December it was up to + 10, without snow, and consistently above plus three. After the" winter " release from the eggs, the caterpillars all die. Not immediately, in a week and a half or two, and some later, but none of them lasts until spring. They need food and warm sun, and again zadiapazirovat, without the "cradle" of egg capsules, they, alas, are not able. The same thing, I'm sure, happened to the Mnemosyne at Utrish. The caterpillars, unable to withstand an abnormally strong and long thaw, came out of their shells and died. Usually, a few percent of individuals have a " red "genotype that is different from others (which I already mentioned in the topic of migrations), and they are not "being held" for a thaw, but it was just Spring. The snowdrops were blooming... In the end, the most "redheads" gave up. Nature's mechanism for preserving populations, these few percentages of "alternative" individuals, has broken down. Mnemosyne is now in the Western Caucasus to look for, I think we need to go higher in the mountains, where the thaw was not so strong, and they may have survived it there. In general, if the climate warming trend continues, the range of Apollo will shift (gradually or "abruptly") to the north, its Tambov, Volga and other southern populations will disappear, and mnemosyne will "follow" it in the middle latitudes, and in the south - to the mountains. Such are the "prospects". Nature conservationists, of course, will write: caught...

The second version, as the main factor of" suppression " of mnemosyne or an additional one: drought. Very dislike its eggs and caterpillars in egg capsules sushi. They die. Verified. He kept mnemosyne's eggs in his room. Dried up. Most of the other Parnassii were stored without problems and gave caterpillars. You need to know exactly what year mnemosyne disappeared, and see the climatic conditions of the entire period from egg laying. Then the cause can be determined more precisely.

Judging by the climate reports (I looked on the Internet), 1998 was abnormally warm in the south of Russia, where in fact there was no winter. In the warm seasons of 1998 and 1999, droughts are also indicated. Both factors: too warm winters and droughts before mnemosyne caterpillars hatch, as well as during its "stay" in pupae, can dramatically reduce the number of species, and if winter temperatures are too high and the population is "superimposed", they can destroy the population.

Abnormally warm December 2006. The same thing almost happened to the Apollons in the Tambov region.

Yuri, I would at least not consider this explanation sufficient. For Utrish - if only because a warm December will not surprise the Black Sea winter, to put it mildly (You know better than others that the main thermostat there is the sea almost until the end of winter, although, of course, in Utrish this is much less affected than on the Sochi coast protected by mountains), and the fauna is still alive; maybe thaws are not something that is at the level of +2 - +4, and much stronger (and very long) caterpillars can not be deceived. I'm not saying that in the same year the cold season in Utrish and the cold season in Tambov region could differ in their weather characteristics, after all, not neighboring regions.

But even in the Tambov region, "gamma radiation will wait a day." There, apollo caterpillars wintering in the chorion are provided with low temperature stability by the soil temperature, which does not jump along with the air temperature. On my balcony and in the open air, many times the apollo caterpillars were deceived by a false spring, but in nature, the apollo populations in the middle zone did not sink at all in the same year. When the cold weather has already set in, the soil, if it does not freeze, then cools down quite deeply and then keeps the temperatures low. And the eggs of apollo (and mnemosyne) are almost all on the ground or on the litter by winter. On my balcony, the Apollo caterpillars sometimes poked out in February, and the gravediggers in the cemeteries near Moscow in April wielded not a shovel, but a crowbar. So in winter, the eggs of Apollo and mnemosyne are stored in nature first as if in a refrigerator, and then as if on a glacier, and the temperatures that we are informed about in the news do not bother them much, except for possible exceptional cases of the egg's location in direct sun with significant detachment from the soil.

Moisture, temperature, refrigerator, glacier-all this leads to a logical conclusion - it is not enough to track the temperature dynamics, it is necessary to take into account the thickness of snow cover in specific stations and the number of previous (autumn) precipitation.
Last year and this year we have almost no snow. Last year, heavy snowfall began only at the end of January, but in a month it was so heavy that on a well-worn forest road in mid-March, the depth of snow cover was more than 70 cm, whereas usually (in the last 10 years) about 20 or less. This year we haven't had any snow yet (in untouched areas outside the city, less than 30 cm, I'll look again this weekend, but taking into account the last week's warming and rain, I think it's already less).

  
But even in the Tambov region, "gamma radiation will wait a day." There, apollo caterpillars wintering in the chorion are provided with low temperature stability by the soil temperature, which does not jump along with the air temperature.

Well, I didn't tell you everything. At the Brain Egg, Apollo wintered exactly as in natural conditions - in a container sticking out of the soil. In a shady place. There was no snow until mid-January. And the temperature in the underground word was up to + 10. You won't believe it, I went in December for mushrooms near Lipetsk, and collected several types of them. He got all the tracks out. Near Tambov, where it is more northern and colder, some still "resisted". It was they who saved the population. Sergey Mozgovoy, who has studied the Apollons for many years, thinks exactly like me. I can give him his email address to continue the conversation on the topic. And good: what other versions are there of a sharp drop in the Apollo population (in fact, their disappearance) after the winter when it was always stable there? I haven't heard it yet. I would like to get acquainted.
As for the Utrish mnemosyne, this is more of a "bare hypothesis". It is possible that the caterpillars of those southern populations come out at higher long-term temperatures-say, from plus 7-8 for two weeks. But they still need WINTER, the temperature in the diapause is near zero and below. After all, again, I did not write (the topic is great, you need to "prepare" the brochure) that even without leaving the egg shells, if the temperature was above zero for a long time, the caterpillars are released weakened in the spring. It can be seen that their metabolism is higher with pluses, and they cannot maintain "homeostasis". They have an epidemic then begins, and all die. I've been breeding parnassius for several years, and I've learned a lot of things very well. What is surprising is the" rough approach " of most entomologists to the ecology of butterflies (this is not about you, Andrey Jovovich, but a generalization): like a food plant is there, the sun is shining, and what else do they need? And here everything is so subtle and complex that only with the poetry of higher forms, you can probably compare what is happening in the life of butterflies and their populations. There are dozens of nuances, hundreds of factors, and each one is very important, and often crucial.

This post was edited by Wild Yuri - 02/14/2013 17: 54

Yuri, I consider the influence of the temperature factor possible, of course, but I simply would not refuse to search for others, because I was faced with" fluctuating " winters in the middle zone, which did NOT lead to a failure of the Apollo population. Actually, the diapause mallet is necessary not only for those who overwinter in the egg stage (with a varying degree of caterpillar development in it), but also for many other species. And with only one temperature factor, the yield of the coming year is not always matched. But if there was little snow in winter, then it may be not only in the plus temperatures on some days, but in the freezing of more or less open eggs (in other species - caterpillars or pupae) just like on other days, when it's minus thirty-three. After all, snow plays a significant role in ensuring a thermostatic situation on the soil, which is why under the snow, even in a good minus, you can find fresh leaves of vegetative plants-despite the fact that the ground is frozen through, and a meter of snow is on top. In the open air and in minus ten, there would be no question of soil greenery. That is why, for example, half of the Apatura iris caterpillars wintering on the branches of willows normally freeze out by spring (just false thaws, according to the information I have, do not bother them, since they, after reviving, sluggishly bite the willow bud on which they winter, and when it gets cold, they fall asleep again). In this species - in any case, in our country - the main, 50%, loss of population is usually due to freezing. So, in the absence of snow, we can blame (since we do not beat up the dough in the middle of winter, but only in the spring) the failure of wintering species on the soil is not only periods of thaws, but also periods of severe frosts in the absence of snow.

In addition, it should not be forgotten that a prolonged absence of snow with insufficient compensation by subsequent snowfalls leads to low floods, respectively, to the rapid passage of slush in the spring and the onset of dry land just on those days when the caterpillars should come out. Dry land for them can also be fatal, I have encountered this. And in recent years (I don't remember exactly the year), the dryness in our region in the spring very quickly came such that the output of morels and lines almost did not take place.

Further, the yield in a particular year can sometimes be related to the push of a year or even many years ago, and the first waves of life would not be waves of life. If the previous year's drought in the middle zone roasts eggs before winter (and they are laid by Apollo not under snow, but in the hottest time of the year), then they do not need any subsequent winter disasters. And I repeat, we only make money in nature in the spring. In short, really, as you write, "dozens of nuances, hundreds of factors" ...

Sorry, I didn't register again...

By the way, I have information that the container, even if not dense, in a thaw, especially in sunny weather, creates an additional bath effect for the caterpillars, moist heat that does not pass every evening with sunset, but accumulates, so "just like in natural conditions" does not work, it turns out just a shower cabin without wheels. After all, in nature, with snow, the cold is kept by snow, and in the absence of snow, the movement of air masses every night somehow levels the daytime sun in comparison with a stable bath in a container; the wake-up signal for some few daytime hours of continuous overheating does not have time to work (this is enough for freezing short-term, if only strong, hypothermia). If the winter is normal, almost consistently negative, except that with a couple of two-day thaws to plus three, the container does not spoil things, the yield is almost one hundred percent. A friend used for more than one season the container "in nature" in a secluded corner of one of the Moscow parks for winter storage of apollo eggs.
This is-since we're talking about the Apollons; actually, the original question here was about mnemosyne, but I think the sensitivity to certain factors in these species is quite similar. And, again, we don't know anything about other very important factors for the Utrish case with mnemosines, the sheer drop in numbers doesn't tell us anything, we need to know at least what the harvest of natural enemies was during the caterpillar stage of those mnemosines. If there were, say, disastrous information on this issue, then there would be no need to guess about the rest.

If there is little snow, then the ground is minus or near zero. The threat to the population of both species is when there is no snow. During the thaw. As for freezing, this is possible, although I conducted experiments. Egg "capsules" with tracks of Apollo and mnemosyne wintered openly in the country in rather harsh conditions, with temperatures dropping below minus 25. Breeding was excellent, no one froze. For Apollo, I think that frost is generally "a joy", but the more temple-loving mnemosyne in severe snowless winters, I think, can suffer. Not South Utrish. There is also no "cold".
The container, as I wrote, was in the shade. He had already stored Apollo eggs on the site for several years before this incident, he knew all the nuances, but he could not think that this super-warm weather was capable of such a "gift". Well, in nature-where are the apollo eggs? In general, in warm places, the warmest in the forest and illuminated. There and plus 15 on the ground could be, and it sometimes looked out in that December. I have spent many years studying and growing apollo, and the version of the" collapse " of their population from the anomalous thaw of 2006 seems to me the most realistic. It is also supported by the second "apollonovod" Sergey Mozgovoy.
As for mnemosyne, here (in the Lipetsk region) it really behaves "identically" with apollo in temperature factors. I wrote about it. "Jumps out" of eggs at "long" + 2-4. But Mnemosyne's stations are colder, many of her eggs are under the fallen oak leaves at the edge, or even in the forest itself, in clearings, and she feels better than apollo, when suddenly "winter spring". I don't know much about the Utrish populations. They can be much more resistant to warming. But an increase in metabolism at ultra-high winter temperatures in caterpillars wintering in egg shells, as indicated above, can exhaust the latter. They get sick after excretion and die. The key to viable offspring in both Apollo and mnemosyne is the cold wintering of their egg "capsules" with caterpillars, without thaws, with light cons, and even "cool" ones. Ailments and epidemics after "winter hypothermia", by the way, were not observed. However, I think that with a long "freezing" mnemosyne should have a "waste". Still, the species is more thermophilic than apollo. It doesn't go far north. I will continue to experiment, if possible.
As for the caterpillar's enemies, they can't kill the population. Reduce the number of employees - yes. But not quite... I do not know such cases in mnemosyne. Just like other types. Judging by the literature, its small caterpillars are attacked by ants and reduvia beetles. Some birds eat them. I think these are the main enemies of mnemosyne. The few caterpillars I found were not infested with parasites. They gave me butterflies. All Parnassians have a high "propensity" for morbidity and epidemics. This is also a limiting factor. In some seasons (cold spring and winter thaws), it is probably the main one. After all, these diseases are not taken "out of nowhere", with a sterile content in the laboratory. The caterpillars already carry a "bacterial-viral" component. With a good wintering season, when they do not lose strength in an increased metabolism (respiration, hemolymph flow...), their body suppresses the "infection", and if you give them the right heat and amount of food, we always get almost 100% result of cultivation. Caterpillars can also get sick during it, if they are "underfed" and underfed. In general, newborn caterpillars die after poor wintering, and "teenagers" and adults die if they are poorly maintained.

I will also answer point-by-point, because many require additional comments.

Yuri, I consider the influence of the temperature factor possible, of course, but I simply would not refuse to search for others, because I was faced with" fluctuating " winters in the middle zone, which did NOT lead to a failure of the Apollo population.

Fluctuating winters will not kill the population and the number will not decrease. IF THERE IS SNOW COVER. And a winter without snow cover will not kill the population if the soil is no higher than zero (in extreme cases, a slight plus). If the sun does not shine on this bare soil, when a slight minus can quickly turn into a considerable plus. Apollo's eggs are still on the surface. And the biotopes are very open and well warmed up. That is, I am not (and have not) talked about thaws in general, but about those without snow cover. Long and with abnormally high temperatures, as was the case in December 2006.

But if there was little snow in winter, then it may be not only in the plus temperatures on some days, but in the freezing of more or less open eggs (in other species - caterpillars or pupae) just like on other days, when it's minus thirty-three. That is why, for example, half of the Apatura iris caterpillars wintering on the branches of willows normally freeze out by spring (just false thaws, according to the information I have, do not bother them, since they, after reviving, sluggishly bite the willow bud on which they winter, and when it gets cold, they fall asleep again).

You can't compare iris to apollo. As well as in general "any kind with any". First, apollo is more frost-resistant as a species. It is found in the Altai, in Buryatia and on the plains of Yakutia, where it can be up to minus 50, with "low snow". In our "European" conditions, Apollo caterpillars, even on bare soil, do not freeze. Tested by my experiment (see the message above). Well, let's put it this way: I assume a very small probability of Apollo freezing in the conditions of "European Russia". Mnemosyne is another matter. The species is more thermophilic. Here such freezing is possible. But... Again, see above. Secondly, open "grown-up" caterpillars overwinter in iris. Apollo has closed newborns in egg shells. The "solution" of nature. And its limitations. Namely (I have already written about this): after leaving the egg "capsules", the Apollo caterpillars do not live long. 2-3 weeks. Then they lost their shape. Covered with mold. If you remove the humidity , they are dry. In the cold, they do not eat, even with a significant plus. They need warm soil to develop. When I started breeding Apollons, I first created "ideal environmental conditions"for them. Sand in a ditch. The sprouts of hare cabbage lying on it. Lamp-sun. Eggs were laid on the ground near the leaves of "cabbage". Just like in nature. The caterpillars emerged from their eggs and ate the leaves listlessly. We grew up a little... And a kayak for everyone. At the second and third age. When the air temperature in the cuvette is about + 30! When: cold ground. Which, as I found out later "in work", should not just be warm for the caterpillars of this species, but hot! That's when everyone is super, quickly and amicably grow up and do not get sick. And if the newborns are planted on the ground of the "winter thaw", which I also did in experiments, they can not move. Sitting, waiting for stupid, spring warmth and sun. We're out. We have April! And they have the" inexperienced " Paganel (excuse the pun). Apollonians and other Parnassians are very capricious subjects. Very epidemic. Requiring almost all the high temperature of the ground (because they crawl and bask on it, digesting what they eat), and when they leave the eggs in the winter, caterpillars of all their species die. Checked more than once. I have grown and cultivated a dozen species of parnassius, conducting various experiments with them. Grow Apollons in ditches on toilet paper, with an incandescent lamp at the top from 75 watts. Then you get a very warm "ground". And zero deaths.

Dry land for them can also be fatal, I have encountered this. And in recent years (I don't remember exactly the year), the dryness in our region in the spring very quickly came such that the output of morels and lines almost did not take place. If the previous year's drought in the middle zone roasts eggs before winter (and they are laid by Apollo not under snow, but in the hottest time of the year), then they do not need any subsequent winter disasters.

Yes, I agree. Dry land is especially fatal for mnemosyne. I had her eggs dry out in the room, at "normal" humidity. Then he began to store it in a box with wet moss-sphagnum. The "withdrawal" has stopped.

This post was edited by Wild Yuri - 02/16/2013 15: 50

Having visited Argentina, I have an idea of what and how to do to monetize ecotourism, and justify the environmental benefits of my project.

There are potential employers from nature reserves or national parks.parks?
With a part-time permanent job as an entomologist.

sorry that I write on the topic of the topic, and not about mnemosyne((

This post was edited by CosMosk - 02/16/2013 08: 53

Here are the greens holding a campaign to protect nature from the spring burning of dry grass! You can also participate in the promotion:

http://www.greenpeace.org/russia/ru/campai...rests/vsegorit/

There is a feeling that there are military operations against nature:

http://yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%B2%D1...lid=50368&lr=49

Great, of course, but it's probably not Putin who sets the grass on fire. And fireballs have been officially banned for a long time. All approaches to suburban forests in our region are covered with posters calling not to burn grass. But it's no use. So the meaning of this action is not quite clear to me.

This post was edited by Anthrenus - 02/25/2013 16: 52

It will be useful if the fines are made as in Germany. From 1000 euros. You can use it in rubles.

Not bad, of course... We have a fire season for visiting the forest fine was 1 tr. They themselves hid in the bushes, so as not to get caught. And there were no people in the forest...

The point of all these actions is zero...... After all, the grass is set on fire mainly by " pisyurva "(children), and this in itself is an element. I used to do this myself as a child (like spring, so burn grass in a crowd). It is necessary to bring up from childhood that this is bad and" tear your ears " mercilessly. Otherwise, you can't vaccinate them. Wow, spring is coming.........

This post was edited by vasiliy-feoktistov - 25.02.2013 17: 58

Mom and dad will be fined once - they will pull out and bring up, since it didn't come to that...

More about polyxene...
Before people began to actively use (read change) the river floodplains of large rivers (in the places of growth of K. R. G. kirkazon and, accordingly, the habitat of polyxena) for their economic needs (which was clearly shown, for example, in Budashkin's work, 2002 post No. 520 of this page), there was undoubtedly a "gene drift" and populations were relatively small. they are stable. Now, with the fragmentation of polyxena ranges in the European part of the Russian Federation ,the "exchange of individuals" has become more difficult and will only get worse in the future... So the extinction of the species in a number of places (along the northern border of the range) is only a matter of time...
http://yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%BF%D0...lid=50368&lr=49

  
Before people began to actively use (read change) the river floodplains of large rivers (in the places of growth of K. R. G. kirkazon and, accordingly, the habitat of polyxena) for their economic needs (which was clearly shown, for example, in Budashkin's work, 2002 post No. 520 of this page), there was undoubtedly a "gene drift" and populations were relatively small. they are stable.

Perhaps you had something else in mind?
"Gene drift" (naturalist's handbook) — genetic-automatic processes, changes in the frequency of genes in a population in a number of generations under the influence of random factors, leading, as a rule, to a decrease in the hereditary variability of populations. It is most clearly manifested in a sharp decline in the population size as a result of natural disasters (forest fire, flood, etc.), the mass spread of pests. A characteristic feature of the dynamics of the genotypic structure of populations under the influence of gene drift is the strengthening of the process of homozygosity of individuals, which increases with a decrease in the population size. This increase is due to the fact that in populations of limited size, the frequency of closely related crosses increases, and as a result of noticeable random fluctuations in the frequencies of individual genes, some alleles are fixed while others are simultaneously lost. Some leached homozygous forms may be adaptively valuable under new environmental conditions. They will be picked up by selection and will be able to become widespread with a subsequent increase in the population size. "

.."The exchange of genes between populations provides material for natural selection, which works to bring particular local adaptations together and thereby increase the fitness of their carriers...." http://evolution2.narod.ru/evo17.htm

More about polyxene...
Before people began to actively use (read change) the river floodplains of large rivers (in the places of growth of K. R. G. kirkazon and, accordingly, the habitat of polyxena) for their economic needs (which was clearly shown, for example, in Budashkin's work, 2002 post No. 520 of this page), there was undoubtedly a "gene drift" and populations were relatively small. they are stable. Now, with the fragmentation of polyxena ranges in the European part of the Russian Federation ,the "exchange of individuals" has become more difficult and will only get worse in the future... So the extinction of the species in a number of places (along the northern border of the range) is only a matter of time...
http://yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%BF%D0...lid=50368&lr=49

Oleg, I went through this link, I post a graphic fragment of the result. I can't understand how these 9,000 responses, when preferred to sites from Penza (sic!), confirm that "the extinction of a species in a number of places (along the northern border of its range) is only a matter of time." And no one, in my opinion, denies the trend of anthropogenic impact (not just on polyxena, but on almost the entire animal world).

This post was edited by A. J. Elez - 24.03.2013 00: 54

Pictures:

new_riddle.jpg — (102.69к)

The next issue of the Steppe Bulletin No. 37 (2013) was published. It contains an interesting article on steppe insects that deserve inclusion in the new edition of the CC RF: http://savesteppe.org/ru/archives/9987

I don't agree with all the types and categories, but in general it is a good and useful work. Some species are not included in this list at all - and not just polyxena. Sadly...

.. I mean, what exactly is "bitter"??

And what are these types of satyrs Gennady:

29. Huebner's krupnoglazka – Hyponephele huebneri Koçak, 1980. A rare species. Isolated populations of the species are known in the Astrakhan region. Suggested CR status.

31. Hippolytus marigold-Pseudo-chazara esperi Kozak, 1981. An extremely rare initially vulnerable species with a mosaic habitat. Suggested status VU.

39.Pseudophilotes panope (Eversmann, 1851). The entire small range of the species lies within Russia"
Not in Russia at all. The entire range of the species is located in Kazakhstan.

The next issue of the Steppe Bulletin No. 37 (2013) was published. It contains an interesting article on steppe insects that deserve inclusion in the new edition of the CC RF: http://savesteppe.org/ru/archives/9987
I don't agree with all the types and categories, but in general it is a good and useful work.

Useless, alas. Again common words. The categories are taken from the ceiling, even the criteria were not specified. Well, I came out late.

THESE FOUR TYPES SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN THE NEW EDITION OF THE CC RF:
44.Hamearis lucina (Linnaeus, 1758). A rare, endangered species. Prefers sparse areas (meadows, clearings) of moist floodplain broad-leaved forests on the right bank. IPEE RAS suggests excluding the species from the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation; on the contrary, it is necessary to raise the status to EN.

Lepidoptera, Sphingidae

46. Pygmy hawk moth-Sphingonaepiopsis gorgoniades (Hübner, 1819). A rare and endangered species. Within the region, it is confined to sandy and cretaceous steppes with xerophytic mixed grasses, semi-shrubs and cereals. The smallest representative of European hawkmoth. Suggested EN status.

47. Croat bumblebee-Hemaris croatica (Esper, 1779). A rare and endangered stenotope steppe species. It is found, like the previous species, in sandy and cretaceous steppes with xerophytic mixed grasses, semi-shrubs and cereals. Suggested CR status.

48. Oak hawk moth-Marumba quercus ([Denis& Schiffermüller], 1775). A rare, sporadic forest-steppe species. Suggested VU status.

AND THESE SPECIES, WHEN THOROUGHLY STUDIED, TURNED OUT TO BE QUITE COMMON AND WIDESPREAD SPECIES (PENZA REGION):
Lepidoptera, Pieridae

28.Euchloe ausonia volgensis Krulikovsky, 1897. A rare locally occurring species. In the Right bank it is confined to sedimentary chalk slopes along the Volga River bank, and in the Left bank it occurs in open steppe and semi-desert landscapes with salt marshes. Suggested NT status.

Hymenoptera, Scoliidae

53.Scolia hirta Schranck, 1781. A rare, locally occurring species. It lives in steppe gullies, forest edges and clearings. Known finds are rare. Over the past decade (since the last edition of the Red Book), the number of species in the region has not changed, but it is still low. Suggested VU status.

Hymenoptera, Chrysididae

54. Parnopesus major-Parnopesgrandior Pallas, 1771. A rare, declining species. The only species of the genus in Russia and the largest representative of the family in the region. Prefers areas of sandy soil in floodplain and floodplain terraces with sparse vegetation. IPEE RAS evaluates the status of the species as VU and suggests leaving it in the Red List. The proposed status is accepted.

THESE FOUR TYPES SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN THE NEW EDITION OF THE CC RF:

46. Pygmy hawk moth-Sphingonaepiopsis gorgoniades (Hübner, 1819). A rare and endangered species. Within the region, it is confined to sandy and cretaceous steppes with xerophytic mixed grasses, semi-shrubs and cereals. The smallest representative of European hawkmoth. Suggested EN status.

On May 5, 2012, at the first attempt and without choosing a location, 19 specimens were caught within an hour (summer period). Volgograd region, Ilovlinsky district They fly into the light with a whoosh...

  
Hymenoptera, Chrysididae

54. Parnopesus major-Parnopesgrandior Pallas, 1771. A rare, declining species. The only species of the genus in Russia and the largest representative of the family in the region. Prefers areas of sandy soil in floodplain and floodplain terraces with sparse vegetation. IPEE RAS evaluates the status of the species as VU and suggests leaving it in the Red List. The proposed status is accepted.

July 2011-2012, Tula region, Suvorovsky district, edge of a mixed forest with a predominance of hardwoods. Taking a leisurely walk for an hour, you could gather about three dozen people on the umbrella streets.
Quote from the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation: "...Population: In the 30s and 40s, it was common in some places. In recent decades, there have been no references to finds in Russia.

This post was edited by Entalex - 27.03.2013 15: 04

THESE FOUR TYPES SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN THE NEW EDITION OF THE CC RF:
44.Hamearis lucina (Linnaeus, 1758). A rare, endangered species. Prefers sparse areas (meadows, clearings) of moist floodplain broad-leaved forests on the right bank. IPEE RAS suggests excluding the species from the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation; on the contrary, it is necessary to raise the status to EN.

The populations of snapper known to me in the Voronezh Region have a stable number. As with polixena, it is necessary to talk again about the disappearance of the species in the Penza Region, and the rest of the country should be "tied" here only if sufficient information is collected from other regions. By the way, Oleg, what's up with you and Polixena? Why are you so much in favor of protecting her? Have any populations disappeared? Where and due to what factors? Please describe the problem in more detail. And then the topic sounds mysterious...

Gentlemen, comrades! Can I ask you a question? And what, strictly speaking, do the CC of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities protect? Types? And how many are there that are restricted to the Russian Federation or a subject of the Russian Federation (for example, Moscow)? Or populations of widespread species? If there are protected species whose range does not extend beyond the limits of "jurisdiction", then this is one thing. And if their range is somewhat wider than the borders of the Russian Federation or a subject of the federation? In this case, it turns out that populations are protected, for example, in the Moscow, Tambov, and other regions, or in the Russian Federation as a whole. But then we should not talk about the protection of species, but about how it is - the protection of populations of certain species. I think this is very serious in terms of the proposals of the "authorities" to toughen punishments "up to the point of execution"! So the question is: "Can we remove the term "species" from all CC's and replace it with a population?" I think this will make the CC much more truthful. Yes, and we will save collectors.